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Chapter 2
Measurement of Fluid
Pressure
ZAIFAH BT. CHE WIL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
JUNE 2015
DCN3113 HYDRAULICS
DCN3113 HYDRAULICS
PRESSURE
Pressure is defined as a normal force (N)
Liquid will exert pressure on all sides as well as bottom of the vessel
DCN3113 HYDRAULICS
Pressure Head
Pressure head is the internal energy of a fluid due to the
pressure exerted on its container.
Pstatic fluid = gh
EXAMPLE 2.1
The gauge pressure in water mains is 50 kN/m2, what is the pressure head?
Solution
Given; P = 50 kN/m2
The pressure head equivalent to the pressure in the pipe is just:
P = gh
h= P
g
= 50 x 103
1000 x 9.81
= 5.1 m
DCN3113 HYDRAULICS
DCN3113 HYDRAULICS
EXAMPLE 2.1
What are the gauge pressure and absolute pressure at a point 3 m below the
DCN3113 HYDRAULICS
Measurement of Pressure
Barometer
Piezometer
Manometer
Differential Manometer
U-tube Differential Manometer
Inverted U-tube Differential Manometer
The Barometer
pressure
PC gh Patm
Patm gh
The Piezometer
Its used to measure pressure in a static fluid by using the
PA = gh
A manometer consists of a
P1 P2
P2 Patm gh
EXAMPLE 2.3
The right limb of a simple U-tube manometer containing mercury is open to the atmosphere while the left is connected
to a pipe in which a fluid of sp. gr. 0.9 is flowing. The centre of the pipe is 12 cm below the level of mercury in the right
limb. Find the pressure of fluid in the pipe if the difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 20 cm.
EXERCISE 1
A simple U-tube manometer containing mercury is connected
Differential Manometer
Used to measure pressure difference between two points in a pipe
or in different pipes.
Most commonly type of differential manometer are :
(a) U-tube differential manometer
manometer
Example 2.4
A differential manometer, when connected to two pipes A and B, gives
the readings as shown in Figure. Determine the pressure (kN/m 2) in the
tube A, if the pressure in the pipe B be 55 kN/m2.
Solution
Given; PB = 55 kN/m2 = 55 x 103 N/m2
Exercise 2
A differential manometer is connected at two points A and B of two
pipes as shown in Figure 2.8. The pipe A contains a liquid of sp. gr.
= 1.5 while pipe B contains a liquid of sp. gr. = 0.9. The pressure at
A and B are 98.1 kN/m2 and 176.58 kN/m2 respectively. Find the
difference in mercury level in the differential manometer.
Task
1. What is the maximum gauge pressure of water that can be measured using a piezometer 2.5 m
high?
2. Calculate the pressure in N/m2 at 1.2 m depth from the surface of a liquid with a specific gravity of
0.8.
(Ans: 9417.6 N/m2)
3. A cylinder contains liquid which has gauge pressure of 165 kN/m2. Define the pressure in terms of :i.
Head of oil (Specific gravity = 0.9)
ii. Head of mercury
iii. Head of water
(Ans: i. 16.688 m, ii. 1.237 m, 16.820
m)
4. A U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure of a fluid of density 800 kg/m3. If the density of
the manometric liquid is 13.6 103 kg/m3, what is the gauge pressure in the pipe if;
h1 =
0.5 m and D is 0.9 m above BC
h2 = 0.1 m and D is 0.2 m below BC
(Ans: 116.15 kN/m2, -27.45 kN/m2)
5. A differential manometer is used to measure the pressure difference between two points in pipe
carrying water. The manometric liquid is mercury and the points have a 0.3 m height difference.
Calculate the pressure difference when h = 0.7 m.
(An: 89.47 kN/m2)