Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data
Section 2.2
Objectives
Create and interpret the basic types
of graphs used to display data
Introduction
A graph is a snapshot that allows us to
view patterns at a glance without
undergoing lengthy analysis of the data.
Graphs are much more visually
appealing than a table or list.
A graph should be able to stand alone,
without the original data. Graph must
be given a title, as well as labels
for both axes.
Purpose of Statistical
Graphs
To convey the data to the viewers in pictorial
form
It is easier for most people to comprehend the
meaning of data presented as a picture than data
presented as a table. This is especially true if the
viewers have little or no statistical knowledge
Pie Chart
Pie Chart is a circle
that is divided into
sections or wedges
according to the
percentage of
frequencies in each
category of the
distribution.
Show relationship of
the parts to the
whole
Pareto Chart*
Bar graph
Used to represent a
frequency distribution
for a categorical
variable (nominal
level) and the
frequencies are
displayed by the
heights of the
contiguous vertical
bars, which are
arranged in order from
highest to lowest.
Example
Nursing
Business Admin
Education
Computer Info
Systems
Political Science
Art
General Studies
Nursing
Education
Education
Psychology
Business Admin
Psychology
Business Admin
General Studies
General Studies
General Studies
History
History
History
General Studies
Education
Computer Info
Systems
Nursing
Education
General Studies
Education
History
Class (Major)
Frequency
Percentage
Art
3.6%
Business
Administration
10.7%
Computer Info
Systems
7.1%
Education
21.4%
General Studies
21.4%
History
14.3%
Nursing
10.7%
Political Science 1
3.6%
Psychology
7.1%
TOTAL
28
100%
Used to compare
different groups
Typically, uses
different colored bars
to distinguish groups
Histogram*
A bar graph that
displays the data from
a frequency
distribution
Horizontal Scale (x-axis)
is labeled using CLASS
BOUNDARIES or
MIDPOINTS
Vertical Scale (y-axis) is
labeled using frequency
NOTE: bars are
contiguous (No gaps)
MINITAB
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Frequency Polygon
Line graph (rather
than a bar graph)
Uses class
midpoints rather
than class
boundaries on xaxis
Another possibility
We can use the
percentage (relative
frequency) rather
than the tallies
(frequency) on the
x-axis.
Relative Frequency
Histogram
Relative Frequency
Polygon
Relative Frequency
Ogive
Used when a
comparison between
two data sets is
desired, especially if
the data sets are
two different sizes
Overall shape
(distribution) of
graph is the same,
but we use a % on
the y-axis scale
Leaves are
usually the last digit
in each data value;
right hand column
of two-column table
Stems are
remaining digits ;
left hand column of
two-column table
Dotplot*(not in text)
Graph in which each
data value is plotted
as a point (or dot)
along a single
horizontal scale of
values.
Dots representing
equal values are
stacked
Original data is
retained
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Homework
Page 71 #2 and 3 (create a Pareto
Chart)
Page 74 #16 (create a Stem and Leaf
Plot)
Worksheet