BO QUN NNG SN

PGS.TS. Phm Vn Hin

E-mail: pvhien@hcmuaf.edu.vn
http//:pgo.hcmuaf.edu.vn/pvhien

 cng
Chng 1. Gii thiu
Chng 2. Mi quan h gia mi trng v nng
sn
Chng 3. Cu to gii phu v tnh cht vt l
cn bn
Chng 4. Nhng bin i sinh l, sinh ha trong
qu trnh bo qun
Chng 5. Su bnh hi nng sn
Chng 6. Kim nghim nng sn
Chng 7. Bo qun nng sn

1. GII THIU
1.1. S thit hi trong qu trnh bo qun
Hai loi hao ht nng sn phm
- Trng lng do vt l v sinh hc
- Cht lng do h hp, vi sinh vt

1.2. Vai tr ca bo qun nng sn phm ?

- An ton lng thc quc gia; ging v ma
- Cung cp nguyn liu
- Bn thnh phm s ch, cht lng, gi thnh
- Bo tn cho nghin cu

2. MI TRNG BO QUN NNG SN

c im ca mi trng bo qun
V tr a l
Kh hu (Ty Nguyn?)

c im nng sn phm
Theo c im hnh thi v thnh phn dinh dng
Theo mc ch s dng

Mi quan h gia mi trng bo qun v nng

sn

Mi quan h gia mi trng bo qun v nng sn

Mi trng no nh hng ln?
(1)

(2)
(3)

(1) i kh hu

(2) Tiu

hu
(3) Vi
kh hu

3. CU TO GII PHU CA NNG SN TNH CHT VT L C BN CA HT

3.1 @ Cu to gii phu, c im hnh thi ca cc
loi ht
Ht nng sn Ch yu thuc 2 h:
- H Ho tho (Gramineae)
- H u (Leuguminosae)

* V ht
Thnh phn: cellulose v Hemicellulose.
Cn c c im v ht chia ra:
Loi v trn: Ng, la m, u,
Loi c v tru: La, cao lng, a s ht rau

* Lp Aloron (v la)

* Ni nh
Ni nh l c quan d tr dinh dng chnh ca
ht.
* Phi mm
- Mm phi
- R phi
- Thn phi
- T dip

3.2. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca ht

3.2.1 Mt v rng
- Tnh tan ri v t ng phn cp

Tnh tan ri ph thuc: Lc ma st, nhn, kch thc

ht, vt ln tp, hm lng nc, iu kin x l v bo
qun.

3.2.2 Tnh t ng phn cp

3.2.3. Tnh dn nhit v lng nhit dung

- Tnh dn nhit
Ht nng sn c tnh dn nhit km
Nhit khi ht < mi trng, thu gn b mt khi ht
- Lng nhit dung
Nhit lng cn thit lm tng nhit ca mt kg ht ln
1oC.
Kcal/kgoC
Ph thuc thnh phn ha hc trong ht
V d: Tinh bt kh 0,37 Kcal/Kg oC
Lipid
0,49 Kcal/Kg oC
Cellulose 0,32 Kcal/Kg oC
Nc
1
Kcal/Kg oC
Ht cng nhiu nc lng nhit dung cng ln

3.2.4. Tnh hp ph v tnh ht m

- Tnh hp ph
Ht nhiu mao qun, b mt hu hiu hp ph cao, B
mt hu hiu > b mt ca ht 20 ln
Tnh hp ph ca ht ph thuc:
- Cu to ca ht
- ln, nh ca b mt hp ph
Ht nh, t l b mt ln hp ph > ht ln, t l b
mt nh
- Nng th kh ca mi trng
- Tnh hot ng ca th kh trong mi trng
- nh hng ca nhit khng kh

- Tnh ht m
Tnh hp ph v ta gii hp ph hi nc
Ht ht m l do kt cu ca ht c nhiu l mao qun
v thnh phn ha hc ca ht l keo a nc.
Hm lng nc cn bng khi tc hp ph v gii
ta hp ph bng nhau.

3.2.5. Dung trng v t trng

- Dung trng
L trng lng tuyt i ca ht cha trong mt n v
dung tch nht nh. VT: g/l
Dung trng ln nh ph thuc: ln ca ht, thun,
hnh dng, kt cu ht, thnh phn ha hc, ...
Cht lng ca ht
- Ht nh, hm lng thp, b mt trn nhn, kt
cu cht, tinh bt, N cao th dung trng ln.
- Ht ln, ln tp, b mt x x, kt cu lng lo,
hm lng nc cao, lipid giu th dung trng nh.

- T trng
T s P tuyt i/V tuyt i ca ht
T trng cho bit kt cu t bo xp hay cht.
Ht chc thng t trng cao.
Ht cy trng

La nc
Ng
Cao lng
u tng
u H lan
Ci du

Dung trng

T trng ?

92-120
145-150
148
145-152
160
127-136

1,04-1,18
1,11-1,22
1,14-1,28
1,14-1,28
1,32-1,40
1,11-1,38

4. NHNG BIN I SINH L SINH HO XY

RA TRONG QU TRNH BO QUN NNG SN
4.1. Nc
Ht hm lng nc: 11-12%, rau qu ti: 65-95 %.
C 3 loi nc chnh:
- Nc lin kt c hc
- Nc lin kt ho l
Dng nc hp ph, nc thm thu, nc cu trc.
- Nc lin kt ho hc
Dng nc lin kt bn kh ph v. Vd: Na3CO3.3H2O
Hm lng nc cao vic bo qun kh khn

4.2. Protein v s bin i ca n

Protein la nc: 7-10 %, ng 10-12 %, u H lan 22-26%,
u tng 36-42%, c rt 2%, rau qu 1%
Thnh phn protein: Albumin, prolamin, glutein, globulin.
Bng 2: S thay i ca hm lng nit trong c khoai ty
20/10/198125/12/1981 5/3/1982
18/4/1982
Pro th
9.87
9.62 9.87 9.75
Nit Protein 0.81
0.75 0.62 0.44
Nit phypro 0.77
0.79 0.96 1.12
N tng s khng thay i, N protein ho tan thay i nhiu v
phn gii thnh acid amin.
Nu dng C2H4 bo qun rau qu th thc y s tng
hm lng N protein.
Nu dng CO2 th li gim N protein.
Qu trnh bo qun thong phn gii N protein mnh hn
bo qun kn

4.3. Glucid v s bin i ca n

Chim 90% P kh ca ht. Glucid c 3 dng chnh
1. ng v tinh bt
Tinh bt: c 2 loi chnh: Amiloze v Amilo-pectic
La ry hm lng amilopectid > ging ci tin.
C sn amiloze 15-20%, amilopectid 80-85%.
ng: ch yu l ng a th cp (glucoza, fructoza,
saccaroza)

Bng: S thay i ca tinh bt v ng trong qu trnh

bo qun khoai ty ?
Ngy
25/10/
1981

Ngy
25/12/
1981

Ngy
5/3/1
982

Ngy
10/4/
1982

Hm lng tinh bt

17.9%

16.20%

14.80%

13.50%

Hm lng ng kh

0.61%

0.77%

0.81%

0.94%

Trong qu trnh bo qun tinh bt gim, hm lng ng tng

ng tng s gim theo thi gian bo qun do ng cung cp
nguyn liu cho qu trnh h hp.

2. Celluloza v Hemicelluloza
Thnh phn ch yu ca vch t bo, celluloza v hemicelluloza
nm v qu, v ht.
Qu cha 0,5%-2%, rau 0,2-2,8% . V qu cng cha nhiu hn
i khi 15% trng lng kh.
3. Pectin
L glucid cao phn t cha nhiu trong c qu: 1-1,5%
Pectin c hai dng:
Dng khng ho tan gi l protopectin mng t bo
Dng ho tan trong dch t bo

Protopectin phn tn mng t bo khi qu chn protopectin b

thu phn thnh pectin ho tan.
Trong qu trnh bo qun propectin b thu phn thnh ng,
ru metylic v acid pectic.

4.4. Lipid v s bin i ca n

Cht bo l cht d tr nng lng cao
La nc 1,8-2,5%, ng 3,5-6,5%, u nnh 1525%, u phng 40-57%.
Trong qu trnh bo qun cht bo b phn gii
to ra acid bo, aldehyd v ceton lm cho sn
phm c mi hi kht.
Hin tng phn gii xy ra theo hai qu trnh:

1. Qu trnh thu phn cht bo

Do enzym lipase v oxydoreductase
Lipase
Cht bo
Glycerin + Acid bo t do
Glycerin v acid bo va hnh thnh tu iu kin c th
bin i theo chiu hng khc nhau.
Glycerin

Triozophosphate

Glucoza

Cht bo
Acid bo

Acetyl CoA
Chu trnh
Acid di, tri cacboxylic
CO2 + H2O + Q

2. Qu trnh oxy ho cht bo

Nng sn giu lipid cn xy ra s oxy ho // qu

trnh thy phn cht bo.
to ra nhiu sn phm nh: Aldehyd, xeton, acid
bo v ru.
Cc sn phm ny l nguyn nhn lm cho sn
phm b hi, kht, ng.

B. Nhng bin i sinh l xy ra trong qu trnh

bo qun nng sn
I. chn ca nng sn v qu trnh chn tip sau khi thu hoch
1. Mt s khi nim v chn
- chn thu hoch
L chn thc dng c th thu hoch c, thng cha
chn hon ton, vt cht tch ly y .
i vi rau qu thu hoch giai on chn ng
i vi hat thu hoch giai on chn hon ton
- chn sinh l
L chn thun thc hon ton v phng din sinh l nh qu
mm, ht bt u ri khi tht.
Ht kh, qu trnh tch ly vt cht t ti mc cao nht
- chn ch bin
Thu thuc nhu cu ch bin
V d: Da, du lm ru chn mm; nu sy kh hoc ng
hp th chn gi va phi cn cng.

2. Qu trnh chn sau thu hoch

Qu ht lm ging phi c thi gian chn sau thu hoch
thanh thc hon ton
Qu trnh thy phn tng, tinh bt v protopectin b thy
phn, axit v cht cht gim, protein tng.
Rau qu chn sau thu hoch cng ngt do tinh bt bin
thnh ng, saccaroza thy phn thnh glucoza, fructaza.
3. Qu trnh chn nhn to
- Phng php gia cng nhit
- Phng php ym kh
- Phng php dng Oxy
Th nghim: Trn c chua,
O2: 50-70% chn nhanh
hn t nhin 3 ln, O2: 5-6% chn chm i 40-60 ngy.
4. Phng php dng ha cht kch thch
C2H4 (Etylen), C2H2 (acetylen), C3H6 (Propylen)

II. Trng thi ngh ca ht ging v ht nng sn

1. Khi nim: Ht c sc sng nhng trng thi ng

yn khng ny mm
- Loi ngh su cha hon thnh giai on chn sinh l
- Loi ngh cng bc
2. Nguyn nhn ngh
. Phi ht cha chn gi
. Ht cha hon thnh giai on chn sau
. Trng thi v ht: V khng thm nc, v khng thm
kh, v g dy
. Cht cn ny mm

III. Hin tng ny mm ca ht, c ging trong

thi gian bo qun
3. H hp v qu trnh t bc nng khi bo qun
1. H hp
- H hp ym kh: Khng O2 cho oxy ha cc cht dinh
dng to nng lng th nng sn da vo cc enzim v vi
sinh vt phn ly cht dinh dng to nng lng sng. Sn
phm cui cng l acid pyruvic.
- H hp ho kh: Nng O2: 21% th tch th ht h hp ho
kh
Sn phm cui cng l CO2 + H2O + Q
1 g glucoza cn 0,747 l O2 v thi ra 0,7471 l CO2 + 5,04 Kcal
(1 l O2 oxy ha hon ton 1,488 g glucoza thi ra 1 l CO2 + 5,04
Kcal)
1 l O2 oxy ha hon ton c 0,347 g tripanmitin v ta ra 4,69
Kcal

2. Qu trnh t bc nng
a, Nguyn nhn
c tnh sinh l, sinh ha, vt l ca ht gy ra.
b, iu kin thc y qu trnh bc nng
- Trng thi kt cu ca kho
- Trng thi khi ht
- iu kin bo qun
c, Cc loi hin tng t bc nng
- T bc nng tng vng
- T bc nng tng trn
- T bc nng tng di
- T bc nng thng ng
- T bc nng ton b

5. SU BNH HI NNG SN TRONG

QU TRNH BO QUN
5.1, Cc loi vi sinh vt hi
1, Vi sinh vt ph sinh
Chim 90 % ht, chng di chuyn t r, thn ln ht.
Chng l thnh vin ca khu h vi sinh vt hi r, c.
in hnh c: Pseudomonas herbicola (chim ch yu), P.
Fluorescens
Nhm ny ht nhng vt cht sng ca k ch.
2, Vi sinh vt hoi sinh
Nhm ny hu dit trc tip t bo ca nng sn phm.
Vi sinh vt hoi sinh ch yu l nm. Mt s loi gm:
Aspergillus penicillium, Micrococus collectotricum, Helmintho
sporium.
Ph hoi ch yu rau, qu, c.

3, Vi sinh vt k sinh, bn k sinh v cng sinh

VSV k sinh ly cht dinh dng ch yu ca k ch
VSV bn k sinh ly mt phn dinh dng ca k ch
VSV cng sinh kt hp dinh dng vi k ch
Phn ln cc nhm trn l nm: Alternaria,
Helminthosporium, Pellicularia, Gibberella zeae.

4. iu kin pht trin v tc hi ca vi sinh vt

iu kin pht trin ca vi sinh vt ?
Cc nhn t mi trng nh hng n s pht trin
ca vi sinh vt l:
- m: cao thun li cho vi sinh vt gy hi nng sn.
m > 80% nhiu loai vi sinh vt pht trin.
- Nhit : Nhit cao thun li cho vi sinh vt gy hi
Nhit < 0o C vi sinh vt gy hi ngng hot ng
- Dinh dng ca nng sn: Nng sn c hm lng dinh
dng cao, nht l ht giu lipid v protein d b vi sinh
vt xm nhp.

Tc hi ca vi sinh vt i vi nng sn
i mu sc ca ht v rau qu.
Vi ht, VSV phn hu lp m bo ngoi, xm nhp ph
hu phi nh
Vi rau qu c, xut hin vt bnh sau lm thi ra
Vi kho ht bo qun lm ging, VSV lm t l ny mm
ca ht ging gim.
Vi sinh vt xm nhp vo nng sn phm, tit ra cc c
t lm h hng nng sn phm.

Cn trng hi nng sn
Mt s loi gy hi: C hai lp:
- Lp cn trng (Insecta) v lp nhn (Arachnoidea)
Ring cn trng thng c 4 b chnh:
- B cnh cng (Coleoptera )
- B cnh vy (Lepidoptera)
- B cnh rng (Procoptera)
- B mc (Isoptera)
Lp cn trng: (Insecta)
- B cnh cng (Coleoptera)
+ H vi voi (Cuculionidea) gm: Mt go, mt thc
+ H mt th ui (Nitinulidae): Mt go th ui
+ H mt thc (Ostomidae): Mt thc ln, Mt thc Thi lan
+ H mt rng ca (Slivanidae): Mt rng ca
+ H chn gi (Tenebrionidae): Mt khu en, Mt thc /thc
tp
+ H mt ru di (Anthribidae): Mt c ph.

Bin php phng

Kim dch cht ch, nghim tc nhm hn ch ly lan
Phng cn trng xm nhp vo kho ?
Thng xuyn kim tra pht hin kp thi x l
Cch ly trit gia nng sn phm c v mi, tt v xu.
Bin php dit tr:
1, Bin php vt l:
- Bin php c hc: Sng sy, qut, qut dn cn trng.
- Bin php nhit hc
2, Bin php ho hc:
Dng CH3Br (Bromur methyl), CS3 (Sunfur Cacbon)
3, Bin php x l kho trc khi nhp:
- iu kin ca kho x l c hiu qu
+ m bo kn
+ m bo cc dng c bo h cho ngi trc tip kh trng kho.
+ Nm vng tnh cht ca tng loi ho cht, phng php, liu
lng khi x l.
- Bin php k thut kh trng kho: Dn kn cc khe h, chun b cc
dng c cu ho, chun b pha ch thuc kh trng

Tho lun nhm

Nhm 1: Cc phng php bo qun
nng sn
Nhm 2: Bo qun la ging v la tht
theo phng php truyn thng
Nhm 3: Chut hi nng sn v bin php
phng tr

CHUT HI NNG SN TRONG KHO

I. Tp tnh sinh hot
Chut l ng vt thuc B gm nhm (Redentia)
Vng nhit i c 1 ngi l c 3 con chut. Con n 4,5kg/nm,
ph 10 kg/con/nm, ph hi hng triu tn lng thc.
1, Chut n (Rattus flanvipertus)
Gc Vin ng sng thnh n, tp tnh thch ni kh sch.
3-5 la/nm, 4-12 con/la, chut con sau 3 thng pht
dc y v sinh sn c.
2, Chut cng (Rattus norvegicus)
Gc Chu , ln hn chut nh, thch ni m thp, thiu
khng kh, kh nng leo tro km. 2-7 la/nm v 5-12
con/la
3, Chut nht (Mus Muscustus urbanus)
Gc chu , s lng t hn 2 loi trn, thn nh, thch sng
vch nh, mi nh. 4-5 la/nm, 5-9 con/la.

II. Bin php phng tr ?

V sinh sch s xung quanh kho thng thong

Thit k ca cn c li chn
Tch cc tm ph hang chut
Kim tra thng xuyn c bin php tr kp thi bng
by, ho cht
Bin php sinh hc, rn, mo, by ng rung
Ho cht: Phosphur km (Zn3P2), trn thc n lm b
c.
Carbonat Bary (BaCO3)

6. KIM NGHIM NNG SN

S cn thit phi c mng li kim nghim NSP
Kim nghim trc khi nhp vo kho
Kim nghim nh k
Kim trc khi xut kho
Mc ch v ngha ca kim nghim nng sn (NS) ?
- Pht hin Su bnh i tng, bin c c th xy ra
- Tit kim c ging nh bo m sc ny mm
- Ch ng k hoch gieo trng, xut khu
- Bo m cho tiu dng NSP c phm cht tt
- C ging tt
- Lng ton hiu qu kinh t

Phn chia cc loi mu v phng php ly mu

- Ht ri: 75 tn l mt n v kim nghim
- Ht ng bao: 20 tn l mt n v kim nghim.
Cc loi mu

Mu im
Mu gc
Mu trung bnh
Mu kim nghim
Mu lu

Phng php ly mu

Cc ch tiu kim nghim v phng php xc nh

1. thun: Trng lng ca ht thun/tng trng lng mu kim nghim
Phng php xc nh thun ca ht nng sn
+ Cm quan: quan st hnh thi ca ht
+ Vt l: quan st t bo ht di knh hin vi.
+ Ha hc: nhum mu mu ht, dng: H2CO3, NaOH, KOH.
2. sch: % P loi cy trng chnh cha trong mu/tng khi lng ca
mu . Phng php xc nh: Dng sn, ry tp cht ri cn.
3. m: % trng lng nc t do c trong ht.
- Phng php sy: Nghin nh mu cn trng lng ban u (P1), sau
sy kh cn trng lng (P2).
P1 P2
m (%) =
------------ x 100
P1
- Phng php o bng my: Dng my o m Gigrorecord hay
Feutron nhanh nhng chnh xc km.

4. Sc sng ca ht: T l % s ht c sc sng/tng s ht

kim nghim
S ht c sc sng
Sc sng ca ht (%)
=
------------------------- x 100
Tng s ht kim tra
5. Phng php
+ Cm quan: Tch ht ly phi quan st di knh lp. Nu phi
hi m, mu trng xanh, chc, phng phiu l ht cn sng.
+ Vt l: x l cho ht ny mm bng nhit nng, nhit lnh,
nhit lun phin hoc nh sng, ha cht.
+ Ha hc: Ha cht thng dng: acid fushin 1%, Indigo carmine
2o/oo, TTJC 1% (Triphenyl tetrajolium chlorid), bionat 5%.
V d: ht bc v ngm trong Dinitrobenzol 2-3h vt ra ngm
trong NH4OH trong 15 pht. Sau vt ra quan st phi.
Phi bt mu hng l cn sng.

6. T l ny mm: % ht ny mm cho ra cy con bnh thng/tng

s ht kim tra.
7. Trng lng 1000 ht
Trng lng thc t ca 1000 ht cn kim nghim
8. T l su bnh hi
Su mt: m s con trong 1 kg ht kim nghim.
Phng php dng ry v nht tt c su mt
Bnh hi:
Ht b bnh
T l ht b bnh ( % ) =
---------------- x 100
Tng ht kim
9. Cc ch tiu sinh ha
Nng sn thng cha mt s dinh dng nh: m, gluxid, lipid,
vitamin, mui khong, axit hu c, hp cht phenol, ancaloit..

7. BO QUN NNG SN
Yu cu v ch bo qun

Yu cu i vi cng tc bo qun

i vi kho
i vi nng sn

Ch bo qun (qui trnh)

Ch v sinh kho tng

Ch kim tra theo di phm cht

Cc phng php bo qun Nng sn

Bo qun trng thi thong (c oxy)

Bo qun trng thi kn
Bo qun lnh
Bo qun trong khi quyn iu chnh
Bo qun bng ha hc
Bo qun bng tia phng x

K thut bo qun mt s loi nng sn

Bo qun cc loi ht: thc, ng, u

c im sinh hc ca ht
Hin tng h hng xy ra trong qu trnh bo
qun
Yu cu i vi kho tng v nng sn
Phng php

ng trong kho: vi la thp <3m, lc thp<2m, u

<1.5m ma nng ng thp hn ma lnh.
ng bao gai: xp 4-8 tng
Bo qun kn

 Bo qun bng ti PE. C th thay bng

bao ti gai.
Bo qun bng ha cht: CH3Br,
CH3NO2, AlP
Bo qun thong trn gin. V d: khoai
ty, bp.

20cm

Tru
sch

Bo qun rau, c, qu

c im sinh hc
Hm lng nc cao >90%.
Qu trnh thot hi nc mnh d ho, gim gi tr
Hot ng sinh l xy ra mnh
Thnh phn dinh dng phong ph giu ng,
m, mui khong, sinh t..
T chc t bo lng lo, mm xp, d dp nt
Qu, c chn v mng, mm d tn thng, dp.

Hin tng h hng trong bo qun

Gm 2 hin tng chnh:

Nhng bin i sinh l, sinh ha ca rau
qu gy ra
Nhng bin i do vi sinh vt gy hi xm
nhp vo gy thi ra.

+ Vi c: vi khun, nm men.
+ Vi rau qu: vi khun mc l chnh.

Phng php

Bo qun thng thong t nhin: thng p dng

cc gia nh, thi gian bo qun khong 3-4 thng, ty
loi nng sn. Bo qun ng, (qu, c) ng st
(rau), trn gin che( khoai ty, hnh ti)
Bo qun kn: trong hm t ni mch nc ngm
thp, t ma, o chm hon ton oc na chm phun
thuc st trng, kh ro ri mi xp nng sn vo.
Din tch ty yu cu ca s lngthng h<1m. Yu
cu m 75-80%, nhit 150C trong hm.
Bo qun lnh: khng qu 24 h sau khi thu hoch phi
cho vo bo qun lnh, chng thot hi nc, khc
phc tnh trng lnh ng bng cch to nhng tinh th
nh nh tuyt.
Bo qun trong vt liu xp: ct c lm sch, kh

 Bo qun ha cht
+ Sunfit ha rau qu bng SO2 hoc
H2SO3, chng l nhng cht kh mnh,
c tc dng dit trng. Tc dng ca
chng nh sau: