CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING
REACTOR

STANDAR KOMPETENSI
Mahasiswa mampu merancang reaktor homogen
dan heterogen baik katalitik maupun non
katalitik

RESOURCES
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Levenspiel, O., "Chemical Reaction Engineering",

2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1972.
Fogler, H.S., "Elements of Chemical Reactions
Engineering ", 3rd ed., Prentice Hall Int. Series,
1999.
Smith, J.M., "Chemical Engineering Kinetics", 2nd
ed., Mc Graw-Hill, Kogakusha, Ltd., Tokyo, 1970.
Walas S.M., Reaction Kinetics for Chemical
Engineers
Butterworth, 1989
Missen, RW., Charles A. Mims and Bradley AS.,
Introduction to Chemicall Engineering and
Kinetics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999.

FOGLER, H.S., "ELEMENTS OF CHEMICAL

REACTIONS ENGINEERING ", 3RD ED.,
PRENTICE HALL INT. SERIES, 1999.

http://www.engin.umich.edu/~cre/

CHEMIST, APPL. CHEMIST &

CHEM.ENG.
The chemist uses kinetics as a tool to understand
fundamental aspects of reaction pathways, a
subject that continues to evolve with ongoing
research.
The applied chemist uses this understanding to
devise new and/or better ways of achieving
desired chemical reactions.

This may involve improving the yield of desired products or

developing a better catalyst.

The chemical engineer uses kinetics for reactor

design in chemical reaction or process
engineering.

REACTOR PERFORMANCE
Information needed to predict the reactor behaviour:
input
CONTACTING
PATTERNS
how materials flow &
contact each other?
flowing patterns

output
KINETICS
how fast things happen?
very fast - equilibrium
slow - rate, mass, heat

contact
aggregation etc.
Performance equation

Output = f (input, kinetics, contacting)

Output = f (input, kinetics, contacting)

THE NATURE OF THE REACTOR DESIGN

PROBLEM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

What is the composition of the feedstock, conditions,

and purification procedures?
What is the scale and capacity of the process?
Is catalyst needs?
What is operating condition?
Continuous or batch process?
What type of the reactor best meets the process
requirement?
What size and shape reactor should be used?
How are the energy transfer?

HOW TO CHOOSE THE REACTOR

Yield (should be large)
Cost (Should be economic)
Safety Consideration
Pollution

How to Reactor Design

Firstly; You have to know reaction rate expression
Secondly; fluid velocity, temperature process,
composition and characteristic of species

SOURCE OF THE ESSENTIAL DATA FOR

REACTOR DESIGN
1.

Bench scale experiment (Laboratory Scale)

The reactors is designed to operate at constant temperature,
under condition (minimize heat transfer and mass transfer)

2.

Pilot plant studies

The reactors used is larger than bench scale
Operating data from commercial scale reactor
The data come from another company and it can be used to
design reactor. Unfortunately, data are often incomplete,
inaccurate,

3.

CONSERVATION :
Input Output transformation=
Accumulation
Transformasi

Fisik

Kimiawi

Fi 0 Fi ri dV

ri

Biologi

Humaniti

dN i
dt

1 dN i Mole i yg bereaksi/ terbentuk

Vr dt
(vol reaktor)(w aktu)
SBS production

SBS production

KONSERVASI :
Input Output transformasi= Akumulasi

Fi 0 Fi ri dV

Tidak ada
Input & Output

dN i
riV
dt

dN i
dt

Tidak ada
Akumulasi

Fi 0 Fi
ri

dFi
ri
dV
SBS production

 Tidak terjadi variasi

ruang
Ada variasi waktu
(un-ss)

dX rAV

dt
N A0

Bentuk Konversi

Terjadi variasi ruang

Tdk ada variasi waktu

dX rA

dV
FA 0

V
dX

FA0 0 rA

Tidak terjadi variasi

ruang
Tidak ada variasi waktu
(ss)

V
X

FA0 rA

REACTOR TYPE
Batch Reactors (Stirred Tanks)
1.

2.

The Batch reactor is the generic term for a type of

vessel (Cylinder Tank) widely used in the process
industries.
A typical batch reactor consists of a tank with an
agitator and integral heating/cooling system.
Heating/cooling uses jacketed walls, internal coil, and
internal tube.

Batch reactor with

single external
cooling jacket

Batch reactor with

half coil jacket

Batch reactor with

constant flux
(Coflux) jacket

ADVANTAGES
1. Batch reactor can be stopped between batches, so the production
rate is flexible
2. Batch reactors are more flexible, in that one can easly use different
compositions in different batches to produces product with different
spesification
3. If the process degrades the reactor in some way, a batch reactor can
be cleaned, relined, etc. between batches. Where continuous
reactors must run a long time before that can be done.
4. If the reactant are stirred, a batche reactor can often achieve better
quality than a plug flow reactor, and better productivity than a CSTR

Ideal Batch Reactor

- design equations -

rate of rate of
rate of reactant

reactant
reactant

loss due to
flow into flow out chemical reaction

reactor of reactor in the reactor

rate of reactant

loss due to
chemical reaction

in the reactor

rate of

accumulati
on

of reactant

in the reactor

rate of

accumulation

of reactant

in the reactor

Ideal Batch Reactor

- design equations -

rate of reactant

loss due to
chemical reaction

in the reactor

rate of

accumulati
on

of reactant

in the reactor

moles A reacting

volume of fluid
(time)(vol
ume
of
fluid)

(rA )V

dN A
(rA )V
dt

dN A

dt

Ideal Batch Reactor

- design equations -

(rA )V

dN A
dt

dN A d [ N A0 (1 X A )]
dX A

N A0
dt
dt
dt

design
equation

t N A0

XA

dX A
(rA )V

= time required to
achieve conversion XA

(rA )V N A0

area

dX A
dt

t
N A0

Ideal Batch Reactor

- design equations / special cases -

t N A0

XA

area

dX A
(rA )V

t
C A0

Const. density

t C A0

XA

N
t A0
V

XA

C A dC
dX A
A

( rA ) C A 0 ( rA )

X A dX
dX A
A
C A0
0
(rA )
(rA )

area t

SEMI BATCH & CONTINOUS

REACTOR TYPES
semi-batch reactor

CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK

REACTOR

In a CSTR, one or more fluid reagents are

introduced into a tank reactor equipped with an
impeller. The impeller stirs the reagents to
ensure proper mixing

Impeller

SOME IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF THE CSTR

At steady-state, the flow rate in must equal the mass flow

rate out, otherwise the tank will overflow or go empty
(transient state).
All calculations performed with CSTRs assume perect
mixing.
The reaction proceeds at the reaction rate associated with
the final (output) concentration.
Often, it is economically beneficial to operate several CSTR
in series. This allows, for example, the first CSTR to
operate at a higher reagent concentration and therefore a
higher reaction rate. In these cases, the sizes of the
reactors may be varied in order to minimize the total
capital investment required to implement the process.
It can be seen that an infinite number of infinitely small
CSTR operating in series would be equivalent to a PFR.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Kinds of Phases
Present

Usage

Advantages

Disadvantages

1. Liquid phase
2. Gas-liquid rxns
3. Solid-liquid rxns

1.

1.

1.

2.

When
agitation is
required
Series
configurations
for different
concentration
streams

2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

Continuous
operation
Good
temperature
control
Easily adapts
to two phase
runs
Good control
Simplicity of
construction
Low operating
(labor) cost
Easy to clean

2.

Lowest
conversion per
unit volume
By-passing
and
channeling
possible with
poor agitation