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and Facies
Volcaniclastic Facies
Magma Composition
Eruptive Rates
Types of Particles
Manner of Emplacement
Total Volume and Type of Volcano
Facies
Proximal facies rocks can be defined by
type of transport such as lava flows (short
travel distance), lahars, and fallout layers
(most far-traveled) and, in the case of
reworked pyroclastics or volcanic epiclastic
materials, on their coarsest and thickest
parts
Pyroclastic facies may be divided into
different subfacies, such as lahar or
pyroclastic flow and pyroclastic surge
subfacies (mechanisms of transport),
lacustrine, submarine fan or alluvial subfacies (environment of deposition), etc.
Volcanic Ash
Pyroclastic Flow
Mount St. Helens
During the May 18, 1980
eruption, at least 17
separate pyroclastic flows
descended the flanks of
Mount St. Helens.
Pyroclastic flows typically
move at speeds of over
100 kilometers/hour and
reach temperatures of over
400 degrees Celsius
Debris Avalanche
Downstream view of the North Fork Toutle River valley, north and west of St.
Helens, shows part of the 2.3 cubic kilometers of debris avalanche that slid
from the volcano on May 18, 1980. The avalanche traveled approximately 24
kilometers downstream at a velocity exceeding 240 km/hr. It left behind a
hummocky deposit with an average thickness of 45 meters and a maximum
thickness of 180 meters.
Skeletal
Remains
Watering Hole
DEPOSITS OF PYROCLASTIC
SEDIMENT GRAVITY FLOWS
There are two end-member kinds of
pyroclastic sediment gravity flow deposits:
(1) pyroclastic flow deposits that are relatively
thick, poorly sorted, commonly containing
abundant fine-grained ash in the matrix (<1/16
mm; >4 phi), and with crude or no internal
bedding
(2) pyroclastic surge deposits that are
relatively thin, better sorted than flow
deposits, with or without abundant matrix
fines, and well bedded to cross bedded
volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu
volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu