You are on page 1of 28

SOLID WASTE - INTRODUCTION

Definition: Any moveable solid material that


is perceived to be of no further use and is
permanently discarded.
- Source of solid waste: domestic, office /
commerce, agricultural, mining,
industrial, energy production.
- Solid waste produced from domestic and
business are called municipal wastes:
non-hazardous and only require normal
methods of disposal. e.g. vegetables,
plastic, wood, glass, paper, etc

The solid waste problem

We generate huge amounts of MSW, and it is


increasingly expensive to dispose of it in ways
that are environmentally responsible and
protective of human health.

Methods of treatment
Villagers
Mining

Sanitary
Landfill

In Situ
Disposal

Incineration
Methods

Products?
Reuse

Recycle

Three
methods

Methods of treatment
IN-SITU DISPOSAL

Dump on site or disposed off by burying underground at


the site
Things to dispose should not have any radioactive form
and the mining site is not located near surface water

Methods of treatment
SANITARY LANDFILL
Garbage graveyard in which wastes are spread out in
thin layers, compacted and covered daily with a fresh
layer of clay or plastic foam
Should be built at area not near groundwater and far
from residential area

Methods of treatment
INCINERATION
Controlled vs uncontrolled incineration
Controlled incineration - practice whereby
the garbage fed to an incinerator will burn
under controlled conditions

Methods of treatment
RECYCLE
3 types of recycle:
-Direct recycle
-Indirect recycle
- Reuse
WHY RECYCLE?

Save energy and resources: One ton of papers recycled saves 17


trees, 6953 gallons of water, 463 gallons of oil, 4kW hours of
energy
It decreases pollution: Making recycled paper requires 64% less
energy and generates 74% less air pollution and 35% less waster
pollution than does using wood from trees

WHAT GETS RECYCLED???


Test your knowledge on recycling by listing as many as possible of
things that can be recycled: Things can be recycled

Recycle to:

Paper & paperboard

Pulp and reprocessed into


recycled paper, cardboard
& other paper products

Most glass

New containers, fiberglass,


glassphalt for highway
construction.

Some form of plastics

Carpet fiber, outdoor


wearing apparel, building
materials

Metals

Aluminium

Yard wastes (leaves, grass, Humus soil conditioner


plants)
Textiles

Streghthen recycled paper


products

Old tires

Highway asphalt,
combustions

Methods of treatment
REUSE
A form of waste reduction
Purpose: to keep high quality matter
resources from being reduced to low quality
matter waste, extend resource supplies and
reduces energy use
Eg: Refillable containers, reusable bags,
old clothing, metal cans, newspaper, and
many more!

Methods of treatment

HAZARDOUS
WASTES

HAZARDOUS
WASTES
Hazardous waste means solids, sludge, liquids
and containerized gasses other than radioactive
and infectious wastes which by reason of their
chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive or
other characteristics cause danger or likely will
cause danger to healthy or environment, whether
alone or when coming into contact with other
waste.
TEST YOUR IQ.
List all the things that you
can find in your house
which are regarded as
hazardous wastes

HAZARDOUS
WASTES
Lead, Arsenic, Mercury, Mercury Metallic, Benzene,
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Cadmium, Benzo
(a) pyrene, Chloroform, Benzo (b) fluoranthene,
Aroclor 1260, Aroclor 1254, Chromium (+6) etc.
HOW WASTE IS CLASSIFIED?

1.Laboratory tests
2.on the list of specific wastes - having the
potential to exhibit hazardous
characteristics.

HOW WASTE IS CLASSIFIED?

> Laboratory tests

HAZARDOUS
WASTES

HAZARDOUS
WASTES
ORIGIN/SOURCE
1. Deliberated addition to soil, water or air by
humans.
2. Evaporation or wind erosion from waste dumps into
the atmosphere.
3. Leaching from waste dumps into groundwater
streams of water.
4. Leakage such as from underground storage tanks
or pipelines.
5. Evaluation and subsequent deposition by accidents
such as fire or explosion.
6. Release from improperly operated waste treatment,
storage and disposal facilities.

HAZARDOUS
WASTES
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Vapour pressure - Varies with T and P.
Solubility - the degree to which one substance
(solute) will dissolve into another solvent
Diffusion coefficient - define as the movement of a
contaminant under the influence of a concentration
gradient.
Bioconcentration factor (BCF) - amount of a
chemical that is likely to accumulate in aquatic
organisms
Sorption - process by which a component (sorbate
or contaminant) moves from one phase to another
phase across some boundary.

EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE:


3 WAYS OF EXPOSURE:

HAZARDOUS
WASTES

HAZARDOUS
WASTES
EFFECT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
1. Sensitisation - skin contact with a chemical
2. Neurotoxicity - damage to the central nervous
system
3. Teratogenecity - damage to the embryo and fetus
leading to birth defect
4. Mutagenicity - damage that result in change to
the DNA structure in genes
5. Carcinogenicity - the development of malignant
tumors and neoplasms (new growth)

HAZARDOUS
TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE WASTES
Treatment and disposal of hazardous waste,
1. Neutralisation
2. Oxidation
3. Reduction
4. Reverse Osmosis
5. Ion-Exchange
6. Carbon adsorption
7. Recovery of acids
8. Phenol destruction
9. Evaporation stripper
For wastewater which contain suspended solids,
physical separation process e.g. filtration

HAZARDOUS
TREATMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE WASTES

Strong Hazardous

Reuse purification,
recycling
e.g?

Destruction pure
Chemical process
e.g?

Immobilization
Encapsulation by
Impermeable
Polymer
e.g?

REGULATORY
Regulations differ from one country to another
Malaysian legislation
Environmental Quality Act 1974
Environmental Quality (Dioxin and Furan) Regulations
2004
Other legislations
US legislative control well-established
Environmental Law
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Federal Hazardous Waste Regulations
Other Federal Statues

HAZARDOUS WASTE
LEGISLATION
The Department of Environment (DOE)is empowered under
the Environmental Quality Act 1974 to control and prevent
pollution and to protect and enhance the quality of the
environment.
A set of regulations dealing with hazardous waste
management which regulate the storage, transport, treatment
and disposal of hazardous wastes was enforced on May 1989:
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations, 1989;
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Scheduled Wastes
Treatment and Disposal Facilities) Regulations and
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Scheduled Wastes
Treatment and Disposal Facilities) Order, 1989

HAZARDOUS WASTE
LEGISLATION
Regulations specify:
Before disposal, be rendered innocuous
Wastes generated shall be reduced
Generators notify DOE
Wastes generated stored, recovered & treated on-site
Land farming, incineration, disposal, off-site recovers,
storage and treatment, by DOE licensed premises
Waste containers clear label, proper, adequate
Generators shall obey the requirement of
consignment note system when transporting

HAZARDOUS WASTE
LEGISLATION
Use of durable waste containers with clear labels.
Storage of wastes shall be proper and adequate;
Waste generators shall conform to the requirements
of the consignment note system when transporting
wastes to ensure it reaches the approved
destination and are carried out by licensed
transporters
Waste generators shall provide information to a
transporters regarding the nature of the wastes
transported and action to be taken in case of
accidents

OTHER LEGISLATION
Basel Convention-Technical Guideline on the
Environmentally Sound Management of
Biomedical and Healthcare Waste.
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes)
Regulations, 1989
Ministry of Health Malaysia, Management of
Clinical and Related Wastes in Hospital and
Health Care Establishments, 1993
Environmental Quality (Dioxin and Furan)
Regulations 2004

Environmental Quality
(Dioxin and Furan)
Regulations 2004

Date of regulations gazetted : 25 March 2004


Date of regulations is effective: 1 May 2004
Parameter to control : Dioxin dan Furan
These regulations apply to the 4 facilities:
1) Municipal solid wastes incinerator
2) Scheduled waste incinerator
3) Pulp or paper industry sludge incinerator
4) Sewage sludge incinerator

You might also like