EXCAVATORS:

MOHAMMAD SUHAIL SIDDIQUI

INTRODUCTI
ON

The excavation of earth forms a very

important operation in projects such as
construction of earth dams, roads,
railways, etc.
In such projects excavation of earth is
required on the surface of the ground as
well as below the ground surface.

The machines used for earth

excavation are called EXCAVATORS.
Excavators are heavy construction
equipments.
An Excavator consists of a boom,
bucket and cab on a rotating platform
(known as the "house").

HISTORY OF EXCAVATOR

The first digging machine not powered by man is believed to

be the Steam Shovel, which arrived around 1839 courtesy of
inventor William Smith Otis. The Steam Shovel used pulleys
to operate the bucket and arm of the machine, and
"revolutionised the construction and civil engineering
industries.

The very first excavator to use hydraulic technology was built

in 1882 by Sir W. G. Armstrong & Company in England, where
it was used in construction of the Hull docks.

The first all-hydraulic excavator, using only four direct-acting

steam cylinders and no cables or chains, was the Direct
Acting excavator built by the Kilgore Machine Company in
1897.

PARTS OF EXCAVATORS

The house sits atop an

undercarriage with tracks or wheels.
All movement and functions of the
excavator are accomplished
through the use of hydraulic fluid,
be it with rams or motors.

TERMINOLOGY
Excavators are also called
diggers ,
a JCB or 360-degree excavators
sometimes abbreviated simply to
360.
Tracked excavators are sometimes
called "trackhoes.

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS
All movements and functions of a
hydraulic excavator are
accomplished through the use
of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic
cylinders and hydraulic motors..
Hydraulic excavator capabilities
have expanded far beyond
excavation tasks with buckets.
Many excavators feature a quick
coupler for simplified attachment
mounting, increasing the
machine's utilization on the jobsite
There is a horizontal bulldozer-like
blade attached to the
undercarriage and is used for
levelling and pushing removed
material back into a hole.

Excavators come in a wide

variety of sizes. The smaller ones
are called mini or compact
excavators.
Caterpillar's smallest miniexcavator weighs 930 kg; their
largest model is the CAT 6090, it
weighs 979,990 kg and has a

 Engines in excavators
drive hydraulic pumps; there are
usually 3 pumps: the two main
pumps are for supplying oil at
high pressure for the rams,
swing motor, track motors, and
accessories, and the third is a
lower pressure pump for Pilot
Control, allowing for a reduced
effort required when operating
the controls.
The two main sections of an
excavator are
the UNDERCARRIAGE and the
HOUSE.
The undercarriage includes
the blade (if fitted), tracks, track
frame, and final drives
center pin, allowing the machine
to slew 360 unhindered.

House includes the operator

cab, counterweight, engine, fuel
and hydraulic oil tanks. T
he house attaches to the
undercarriage by way of a

BUCKET-WHEEL EXCAVATOR
Bucket-wheel excavators
(BWEs) are heavy equipment .
Used in surface mining and civil
engineering.
The primary function of BWEs is to act
as a continuous digging machine in
large-scale open pit mining operations.
What sets BWEs apart from other
large-scale mining equipment, such as
bucket chain excavators, is their use of
a large wheel consisting of a
continuous pattern of buckets used to
scoop material as the wheel turns.

 They are among the largest

vehicles ever constructed.
The biggest bucket-wheel
excavator ever built, Bagger
293, is the largest terrestrial
(land) vehicle in human history
according to the Guinness
Book of World Records.
Few companies are willing or
able to manufacture the
massive, expensive gears
required for BWEs like UNEX,
Czech Republic and SANDVIK
MINING & CONSTRUCTION.

BAGGER 288
Bagger 288 (Excavator 288)
is a bucket-wheel
excavator or mobile strip
mining machine.
The Bagger 288 was built for
the job of removing overburden prior to coal mining.
It can excavate 240,000 tons
of coal or 240,000 cubic
metres of overburden daily
the equivalent of a football
field dug to 30 m (98 ft) deep.
The excavator is up to 220 m (721 ft)
The coal produced in one
long and approximately 96 m (315 ft)
day fills 2400 coal wagons.
high.
The Bagger's operation requires
16.56 megawatts of externally
supplied electricity.

CABLE EXCAVATORS
Cable excavators are large
earthmoving machines used for
heavy excavation of materials with
the use of cables or wire ropes.
Almost obsolete, cable excavators
were once used in mining and
some construction applications and
usually consisted of a variety of
attachments that could transform it
into a backhoe, skimmer, dragline,
and more.
Aside from a few companies that still
manufacture them, cable excavators
have been replaced by hydraulic
excavators due to their cheaper
costs, easier operation and faster
mobility.
The cable excavator carries
attachments that can transform it
into

a skimmer, hoe, a shovel or

a dragline for a variety of
applications. It can be used to
excavate the earth, in surface
mining, digging foundations
and digging tunnels for sewers
and pipes.

 The cable excavator consists

of hoists for its cables/wire ropes, a
crowd arm, a bucket, and shovels.
Much like other types of excavators,
the cable excavator uses its arm to
lower the bucket and extract dirt or
rock from the earth.
What makes it distinct is that it does
so with a series of cables or wire
ropes that are pulled and hoisted in
the direction it is moved.
Early cable excavators could only
revolve minimally and move by rail
tracks. Later versions could be
mounted on crawlers or wheels for
easier mobility and accessibility,
making it suitable for a variety of
operations.

Functions such as the cable winding

drum, rotation and propelling are
controlled by the use
of clutches, gears and chains via the
engine.

TELESCOPIC BOOM
Telescopic boom excavators are designed for
maximum machine deployment and
productivity.
The tilting action is fast, smooth and infinitely
variable between 0 and 30 degrees.
The operator can choose the best position for
maximum work visibility.

DREDGING
DREDGING is an excavation
activity or operation usually carried
out at least partly underwater, in
shallow seas or fresh water areas
with the purpose of gathering up
bottom sediments and disposing of
them at a different location.
This technique is often used to keep
waterways navigable.
It is also used as a way to replenish
sand on some public beaches,
where too much sand has been lost
because of coastal erosion.
Dredging is also used as a
technique for fishing for certain
species of edible clams and crabs.

MANUFACTURERS

Bobcat Company
Bucyrus International
Case CE
Caterpillar Inc.
CNH Global
Doosan Infracore (formerly Daewoo
Heavy Industries & Machinery) including Solar brand
ENMTP
Hitachi Construction Machinery
Hyundai Heavy Industries
J. C. Bamford (JCB)
Komatsu Limited

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

Samsung Group
Volvo Construction Equipment

DIMENTIONS

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR

WORKING RANGES

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR

HAZARDS OF USING EXCVATORS

The law says you must organise your site so as to segregate
pedestrians and excavators.
Those excavators used must be carefully selected, maintained
and operated by trained drivers.
Key issues are:

Excavator hazards

Controlling the risk

Training and competence

Inspection and maintenance

MOST FATAL AND SERIOUS INJURIES INVOLVING

EXCAVATORS OCCUR WHEN THE EXCAVATOR IS:

MOVING and strikes a pedestrian, particularly while reversing;

SLEWING trapping a person between the excavator and a

fixed structure or vehicle; or

WORKING when the moving bucket or other attachment

strikes a pedestrian or when the bucket inadvertently falls from
the excavator.

REFRENCES
www.komatsu.com
http://www.directindustry.com/industrialmanufacturer/excavator-75901.html
http://www.ehow.co.uk/about_6693757_historyexcavators.html
http://www.oemoffhighway.com/article/12022256/the-firsthydraulic-excavators