HISTORY OF

ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED TOAR. ELEENA NAYAK

CONTENTS

TIMELINE
INTRODUCTION
INFLUENCES
DEVELOPMENT IN ARCHITECTURE
BUILDINGS

ANCIENT EGYPT
(3,050 BC to 900 BC)

TIMELIN
E

CLASSICAL

ROMANESQUE

(850 BC to 476 AD)

GREEK

ROMAN

WRITING SYSTEM
INFRASTRUCTURE
JOB SPECIALIZATION
ART

SOCIAL CLASSES

BAROQUE

(800 to 1200 AD

Columns
Arches
City planning
Education

RENAISSANCE

GOTHIC

(1400 to 1600 AD )
(1400 to 1600 AD)

NEO-CLASSICAL
POSTMODERNISM
(1650 to 1790 AD)
(1972 to Present)

VAIBHAV MITTAL

(1100 to 1450 AD)

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(1760 TO 1820)

MODERNISM

(1900 TO PRESENT)

http://architecture.about.com/cs/historicperiods/a/timeline.ht

INTRODUCTION

Emerged in the 8th century BC

Origins -the land of Greece and the islands of the Aegean Sea,
plus the west coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey).
Consisted of many small territories.
Cities tended to be located in valleys between mountains, or on
narrow coastal plain.
Cities were independent of
each other

landscape of mountains and sea

VAIBHAV MITTAL

Timeline of Ancient Greece:

776 BC:Traditional date for thefirst Olympic games.
c. 750:Greek cities startplanting colonies on other
Mediterranean coasts , adapt the Phoenician alphabet for their
own use, and later adopt metal coinage from Lydia, in Asia
Minor
594:Solon givesAthens a new constitution ; this is the start of
the rise of democracy in Greece
490-479:The Persian Wars- Athens and Sparta lead the
Greeks in defending their land against invasion from the huge
Persian Empire.
447:Work begins on the Parthenon inAthens.
431-404:TheSecond Peloponnesian War- Athens is defeated
by Sparta, which now becomes the leading power in Greece.
399:The Athenian philosopherSocrates is condemned to
deathfor questioning conventional ideas

338:KingPhilip II of Macedon defeats the Greek

city-states
http://www.timemaps.com/civilization-ancient-greeks

Influence and philosophy

For the Greeks, science was indistinguishable from philosophy.
The art and architecture of ancient Greece have had an
enormous influence on later cultures, from ancient times to
the present day.
The distinctive Persian art of the medieval period incorporated
the plasticity of Greek art and solidity of Mesopotamian.
The technical brilliance of Greek (and its offspring , roman) art
and architecture stimulated artists to look to these ancient
models for inspiration.

Ancient Greek mathematics contribution

-the basic rules of geometry,
-the idea of formal mathematical proof,
-discoveries in number theory and applied mathematics.
Greek science provided Islamic and medieval European thought
with its world view.
The language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science,
and the arts of the ancient Greeks were crucial in laying the
foundations of Western civilization.
One of the main concerns for Greek philosophers was the nature of
the universe, and their thinking about this had theological
dimensions.
Empedocles (495-430 BC) proposed that all matter was
indestructible and eternal.
Anaximander (611-547 BC) asserted the theory of organic
evolution.

http://www.timemaps.com/civilization-ancient-greek

DEVELOPMENT IN ARCHITECTURE
ORDERS

1) DORIC ORDER
) The Doric order is easily
identified by its plain
capital, and lack of columnbase.
) During the Hellenistic era
(323-27 BCE), the typically
solid, masculine look of the
Doric temple was partly
replaced by slender,
unfluted columns.
2) IONIC ORDER
) Ionic columns always have
bases.
) Ionic columns were always
more highly decorated than
Doric ones.
3) CORINTHIAN ORDER
) first developed during the
late Classical period (c.400323 BCE).
) The Corinthian capital was
much taller
) being ornamented with a
double row of acanthus

The Parthenon

The Erechtheion (421-406 BCE)

The supreme example of Doric order

of the Classical Period (c.480-323
BCE) is of
course the Parthenon (447-437 BCE)
on the Athens Acropolis.

Example of ionic order

PROPAL
AIA
The Propylaia (Propylaea) were built as a monumental entrance.
The Propylaia is a building of the Doric order with few Ionic
columns supporting the roof of the central wing.
It was a complex structure to conceive and assemble, and was
clearly designed to make a lasting impression for the
approaching visitor.

Theatres

Orchestra: The orchestra was normally circular. It

was a level space where the chorus would dance,
sing, and interact with the actors who were on the
stage near the skene.
Theatron: The theatron is where the spectators
sat.

Skene: The skene ("tent") was the building directly

ehind the stage.
Parodos: The parodos are the paths by which the
horus and some actors made their entrances and
xits. The audience also used them to enter and exit
he theater before and after the performance .

Stadiums

Stadiums were named after the distance of the footrace they originally hosted - the stade or stadion.
Initially constructed near natural embankments, stadia
evolved into
more sophisticated structures with rows of stone or even
marble steps
for seating which had divisions for ease of access.

STOA AND AGORA

Astoainancient Greek architecture, is a covered walkway orportico,

commonly for public use.
These buildings were open to the public; merchants could sell their goods,
artists could display their artwork, and religious gatherings could take place.
Stoas usually surrounded themarket placesof large cities.

At the centre of the city was the "Agora" - the central space where public
meetings were held, and where traders set up their stalls. The agora was
often flanked by colonnades.

The agora was the center of athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the
city

HIPPODROMES AND
PALESTRA
Thehippodromewas anancient Grecianstadium forhorse
racingandchariot racing.
The Greek hippodrome was usually set out on the slope of a hill, and the
ground taken from one side served to form the embankment on the
other side.

Thepalaestra was theancient Greekwrestling school.

The palaestra essentially consisted of a rectangular court surrounded by
colonnades with adjoining rooms.
The palaestra functioned both independently and as a part of
publicgymnasia; a palaestra could exist without a gymnasium, but no
gymnasium could exist without a palaestra.

ancient greek architecture is best known for its Temples

second important building of hellenic world was open air theatre (earliest dating from 350 BC)
other architectural form were- processional gateway(propylon),public squares (agora),surrounded by
storied colonnade(stoa),town council building(bouleuterion),public monument or monumental
tomb(mausoleum),stadium
Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalised characteristics, both of structure and
decoration.
for example in the case of temples, each building appears to have been conceived as a sculptural entity
within the landscape, most often raised on high ground so that the elegance of its proportions and the
effects of light on its surfaces might be viewed from all angles
defined architecture into three orders: Doric ,Ionic,Corinthian
domestic buildings
earlier houses were simple structure of two rooms with an open porch
construction of walls -sun dried clay bricks,or wooden frame work filled with fibrous materials such as straw
or seaweed covered with clay or plaster
used stone as a base
roofs were probably of thatch that overhung the permeable wall
houses were built of stone and plastered
roofing material for substantial houses were tiles
houses of the wealthy had mosaic floors and demonstrated the classical style
Many houses had a wide passage which ran the length of the house and opened at one side onto a small
courtyard which admitted light and air
Larger houses had a fully developed peristyle courtyard at the centre, with the rooms arranged around it.
Some houses had an upper floor which appears to have been reserved for the use of the women of the
family.
City houses were built with adjoining walls and were divided into small blocks by narrow streets.

mosaic floor

stoa

propylon

peripteral
the doors of temples were made of wood and often decorated with
bronze medallions and bosses
The propylon or porch, formed the entrance to temple and other
significant site
Every town had an open-air theatre.-used for public meetings and
dramatic performances.
theatre - set in a hillside outside the town, -had rows of seating set
in a semicircle around the central performance area
. Early 8th century temples had thatch roofs.
they slowly began to be converted into more durable stone edifices;
some even had a mix of the two materials
correct water drainage and use of continuous bases on foundation
allowed large greek buildings to be built to withstand weather and
earthquakes
other structures that were built near the temples were monumental
entrance gate
greek cities were built in the vicinity of hills called acropolis

Open air theatre

ROMAN

INTRODUCTION
Roman architecturecontinued the legacy left by the earlier
architects of theGreekworld.
Roman architects continued to follow the guidelines established
by the classic al orders the Greeks had first shaped:
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
The Corinthian was particularly favoured in many Roman
buildings.
Created the composite capital and tuscan column.
Innovation in design, and extravagant use of marble.
Newideas and craftsmen became integrated.
Aqueducts & Bridge which carried fresh water to urban centres.
The triumphal arch, with a single, double, or triple entrance,
had no practical function other than to commemorate in
sculpture.
They madefired clay bricks, and theRoman legions.
Roman architects perfectedRoman concrete..
Theancient Romansemployed regular orthogonal structures on
which they molded their colonies.

INFLUENCE
The Romans modified Grecian Doric columns
by adding a separate base and more
ornamentation.

Roman temples, unlike Greek

temples, were small and varied in
their structure

Initially, conservative Romans built temporary

theatrical structures. Later on, the Romans
modeled their permanent theaters after the Greeks

The Romans imported marble from Greece before

they discovered extensive Italian marble deposits.
The Romans invented and utilized cement

re the first to introduce arches ,and the use of arch , dome and vault in there design

During theBaroqueand theRenaissanceperiods, Roman and Greek architectural styles again becam
fashionable, not only in Italy, but all over Europe.Roman influences may be found around us today, in
banks, government buildings, great houses, and even small houses. Echoes of the tradition of the
Roman Empire are found in cities throughout the western world. Nations and leaders to give visual
testament to their authority and power have emulated the distinct forms of Roman architecture.

ARC DE TRIOMPHE,PARIS

SUPREME COURT

NATIONAAL GALLERY OF ART

ST PAULS CATHEDRAL WASHINGTON SQUARE ARCH

DEVELOPMENT OF ROMAN
ARCHITECTURE
Factors such as wealth and high
population densities in cities forced
the ancient Romans to discover new
architectural solutions of their own.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
The Roman use of the arch and their
improvements in the use of concrete
and bricks facilitated the buildings.
The dome permitted construction of
vaulted ceilings without crossbeams
and made possible large covered
public space such as public baths
and basilicas.

DOMES
Romans were the first for the creation of
large and well-defined interior spaces.
Domes were introduced in a number of
building types such as temples, thermae,
palaces, and later also churches.
Monumental domes began to appear in the
1st century BC in Rome and the provinces
around the Mediterranean Sea.
The construction of domes was greatly
facilitated by the invention of concrete, a
process which has been termed the Roman
Architectural Revolution.
Their enormous dimensions remained
unsurpassed until the introduction of
structural steel frames in the late 19th
century.

DOME OF PANTHEON,INNER VIEW

The roman Pantheon was the

largest dome in the world for
more than a millennium. It is
the largest unreinforced solid
concrete dome to this day.

Tanya nayyer

MOSAICS

the mosaic, a decoration

made of colourful chips of
stone inserted into
cement.
There were two main
techniques in GrecoRoman mosaic: opus
vermiculatum used tiny
tesserae, typically cubes of
4 millimeters or less, and
was produced in
workshops in relatively
small panels which were
transported to the site
glued to some temporary
support.

HYPOCAUST
o A hypocaust was an ancient Roman
system of underfloor heating, used
to heat houses with hot air.
o The hypocaust was an invention
which improved the hygiene and
living conditions of citizens, and was
a forerunner of modern central
heating.
o Hypocausts were used for heating
hot baths , houses and other
buildings, whether public or private.
o Many remains of Roman hypocausts
have survived throughout Europe,
western Asia, and northern Africa.
o The floor was raised above the
ground by pillars, called pilae stacks,
with a layer of tiles, then a layer of
concrete, then another of tiles on
top; and spaces were left inside the
walls so that hot air and smoke from
the furnace would pass through
these enclosed areas and out of flues
in the roof, thereby heating but not
polluting the interior of the room.

SPIRAL
STAIRS

ROMANS ROOFS

Trusses roof were basically

used.
The largest truss roof by span of
Ancient Rome covered the Aula
Regia (throne room).
The timber truss roof had a
width of 31.67 m, slightly
surpassing the postulated limit
of 30 m for Roman roof
constructions.
Nine out of the ten largest
rectangular spaces in Roman
architecture were bridged this
way, the only exception being
the groin vaulted Basilica of
Maxentius.
Roman period, which saw
trussed roofs over 30 wide
spanning the rectangular
spaces of monumental public
buildings such as temples,
basilicas, and later churches.

Tanya nayyer

The spiral stair is a type of stairway

which, due to its complex helical
structure, was introduced relatively
late into architecture.
Apart from the triumphal columns in
the imperial cities of Rome and
Constantinople, other types of
buildings such as temples, basilicas
and tombs were also fitted with
spiral stairways.
The construction of spiral stairs
passed on both to Christian and
Islamic architecture.

1. DORIC
ORDER

3. CORINTHIAN ORDER
3. IONIC ORDER
The shaft
of the
Corinthian
order has
24 flutes.
The
4. TUSCAN ORDER column is
commonly
ten
diameters
high.

It is the simplest
of the orders,
characterized by
short, faceted,
heavy columns
with plain, round
capitals (tops)
and no base.
The shaft of the
Doric order is
channeled with
20 flutes.
The capital
consists of a
necking which is
of a simple form.

It is
distinguished
by slender,
fluted pillars
with a large
base and two
opposed
volutes (also
called scrolls)
in the
echinus of
5.COMPOSITE
the capital.
The Tuscan
A column of
ORDER
order has a very
the ionic
plain design, The Composite order is order is nine
with a plain
times its
a mixed order,
shaft, and a
lower
combining the volutes
simple capital, of the Ionic with the
diameter.
base, and frieze. leaves of the Corinthian The shaft
The column of the
it is similar to
itself is eight
order.
Composite
order is
the
Doric
order.
The column is normally seven
diameters
ten
diameters high
diameters high. Compared to the
high.
other orders, the Tuscan order .

CITY PLANNING OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

Cities help to form the cultural and social structure of Roman civilization
commerce was centralized, conquered lands were COMMUNICATED and population was
usually under control.

Urban design of Roman cities follows clear laws for the development of public and military
services.

streets were composed in special way parallel and equal distant. The whole forms a unit
ofrectangulardesign surrounded by aperimetral wallwith watchtowers.
At the cross of both streets is the city'sFORUM and theMARKET.

These components were necessary for the design of public building

These urban rules were developed during nearly 10 centuries in order to create the different
cities.

In these cities, kinds of housing could be divided intohouse,domus,insulaandvilla. There

also were housings for slaves and low classes.

 Roman city planning were inspired by Greek hellenic.

Example- planned cities built by Etruscans in Italy.
The basic city plan consist of forum services, rectangular
grid of streets and wall for defence.
To reduce travel time two diagonal streets crossed the
square grid.
A river usually flowed through the city, providing water,
transport, and sewage disposal.
Europeans towns such as Turin, pressure the scheme
which shows the logical way the romans designed their
cities.
Roads were equall in width of lengths except two. Roads
were made up of fitted flat stones, hand picked wacb of
pebbles.
Each square marked off by four road was called an insula.
An aquaduct was built outside the city walls.

WALLS

Defence of cities was one of the

capital problem.
Romans were the first who used
walls for defence.
Walls consist of 2 parallel covers
or paraments of masonary [opus
quadratum] of different size.
Stuffing was done using mortar,
stones or roman concrete.
Exterior walls made of padded
ashlars and separated by 4m
from each other.

BASILICA AND
TERMAE

Basilica was the social centre for

trading , also for political meetings.
They were usually built across the
forums.
Its plan is rectangular by 3 or 5
naves separated by columns.
The cover with gabbled roof, flat
inner ceiling sometimes vault used.

Termae were the buildings of great

proportion for public use.
Baths were point of meeting where
public discussions , business
meetings were held.
Plan showed symmetrical
structure.

 TEMPLES:

BUILDINGS

Generally rectangular(length twice the width) or circular

plans
Portico in front
RECTANGULAR TEMPLES:-temple of Mars , Venus
,Saturn ,Jupiter ,Bacchus ,etc.
CIRCULAR TEMPLES:-Temple of Vesta , the Pantheon at
Rome

Temple of Saturn,
Rome(284 A.D.)
Hexastyle
Ionic order
columns
The pantheon, Rome(120-124 A.D.)
Octastyle
Corinthian order columns
Completed by Agrippa and

 FORUMS:

Usually at intersection of two main streets

Law courts and public buildings were placed around
Uses:- open air assembly hall ,market ,political discussion
Index of high civic life and clear indication of well laid town planning
Examples:- Forum of Caeser, Augustus, Trajan,etc

BASILICAS:- (halls of justice)

BASILICA OF TRAJAN (98-112A.D.)

Total height 40m
Aisles 7.3m wide
Corinthian columns
Altar used for sacrifices
Trajans column 35m high

PILLARS OF VICTORY:(IN HONOUR OF EMPERORS AND

GENERALS)

Trajans column: Doric order, marble

built
Entrance-ornamented
pedestal
Inside circular shaftspiral staircase,small
openings for
ventilation

THERMAE

Derived from Greek gymnasia.

Place of the modern daily paper for the
dissemination of news and gossip, even
served as a modern club
General arrangement consist of three main
part:a) A great central block
b) A large open space
c) A outer ring of apartment
The block was on high platform, underneath
which were furnaces and other rooms that
served baths

by vaishali saini

THE THERMAE OF CARACALLAROME

Can accommodate 1600 bathers
Inner site including gardens were on artificial
platform 20 feet high under platform were used as
corridors connecting to furnaces, stores hot air ducts
Entrance was in centre of north east
Central building used entirely for bathing measured
750 ft by 380 ft. only four doorway in north west ,
which exposed cold winds.
Large columned opening give access to gardens in
south west .
paving were in mosaic cubes of bright colors, or
planned in geometrical pattern or with figure of
athletes, lower part of wall was sheathed with
colored marbles , and upper part modelled stucco
bright color
Surface of great vaults were ornamented by
coffering ,bold figures decoration in white and black
they were brought from Greek by Greek artists and
executed in Rome
Interior by the perpetual stream running water,
coming from mouth of sculptured lions in marble or
brightly polished silver, falling into capacious marble
basins .
Exterior treated by stucco, more wisely left as
impressive masses of plain brick work .

THEATRES

Design of Greek theatres were adapted .

The auditorium were circular but not
complete in greek theatres , were as in
rome they were restricted to be semicircle
and consisted of tiers of seats one above the
other , with a wide passage and staircases
connecting with external porticos on each
story.

THEATRE OF MARCELLUS
ROME
The only existing example of theatre in building .
Remains consist of arcading ,two stories high ,of
the semi-circular auditorium
The faade of which was ornamented with the
tuscan order and the ionic order.

by vaishali saini

AMPHITHEATRES

Roman building
Used for naval exhibitions, the water drains for
flooding

THE COLOSSEUM
ROME

Also known as FLAVIAN AMPHITHEATRE .Ellipse shaped

620ft by 513ft.
Eight external opening on each story. Inside oval shaped
area 287ft by 180ft surrounded by 15ft high wall.
Auditorium have four range of seats.
The two lower range forming grand tires
Third separated from the second by a wall
Top range under peristyle forming auditorium
the radiating wall were made up of concrete where least
weight ,tufa stone where more weight travertine stone
where heaviest pressure. Masonry laid out with mortar
and construction was strong
The system is one concrete vaults resting on walls of the
same material 2 ft3inch thick ,faced with travertine
stone 4ft thick , internal lining of 9 inch of brickwork,
making 7 ft thickness
The constructive principle consist of wedge shaped piers
radiating inwards, the vaults running downwards to the
centre from the high inclosing walls.
The external faade is divided into 4 stories. The three
lower one have their walls pierced with arches and are
ornamented with half columns of Tuscan, Ionic and
Corinthian orders
The upper story has Corinthian pilasters and the height
to the top of this order is 157 ft.b/w the pilasters are the
corbels used to support the mast of the velarium .
The proptions of the attached columns on the faade ,
which all have the same lower diameter are;
Tuscan column is about 9 1/3 dia high and ionic and
Corinthian about 8 dia.
the colosseum are used as a stone quarry by builders of
later times, material being taken from it for construction
of many Renaissance buildings

by vaishali saini

CIRCI

The plan of a roman

circus(horse races) was
adaptation of greek
stadium(used for foot races
athletic sports)

THE CIRCUS MAXENTIUS

ROME

It was known as Circus of Romulus, built by

Maxentius
Consisted of a long open circular ended
arena with sipna along the axis .
Surrounding this were rows of marble seats
supported by vaults and an external wall of
concrete faced with opus mixtum.
At one end were the or stalls for horses and
chariots ,
With central entrance of processions and
two side entrance, and at the semi circular
end was the porta trimuphalis

by vaishali saini

AQUEDUCTS,ROME
The great and highly advanced Roman
waterway system known as the Aqueducts,
are among the greatest achievements in the
ancient world.
The aqueducts were built from a combination
of stone, brick and the special volcanic
cement pozzuolana.

TITUS,ROME

It was constructed in c. 82 AD by theRoman

Emperor Domitian.
The arch is large with bothflutedand
unfluted columns, the latter being a result of
19th century restoration.
Thespandrelson the upper left and right of
the arch contain personifications of victory as
winged women. Between the spandrels is
thekeystone, on which there stands a female

TREVI FOUNTAIN

TheTrevi FountaiN is afountainin theTrevidistrict

inRome,Italy, designed by Italian architectNicola Salviand
completed byPietro Bracci.
Standing 26.3 metres (86ft) high and 49.15 metres (161.3ft)
wide.
It is the largestBaroquefountain in the city and one of the
most famous fountains in the world.

Summary (Greek)

Emerged in the 8th century BC.

Origins - On the west coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey).
Consisted of many small territories.
It had influence on later cultures, from ancient times to the present day.
The technical brilliance of Greek art and architecture stimulated artists to look to
these ancient models for inspiration.
Orders: Doric order, Ionic order and Corinthian order
Major buildings : The Parthenon, The Erechtheion , Popalaia Theatres Orchestra
Theatron Skene Parodos Stadiums.
Public buildings: Stoa - a covered walkway orportico.
Agora - the central space where public meetings were held.
Hippodrome- Grecianstadium forhorse racingandchariot
racing.
palaestra -ancient Greekwrestling school.
Doric columns were modified by adding a separate base and more ornamentation.
The principal materials of Greek architecture were wood used for support of roof
beams, unbaked bricks used for walls , limestone and Marble used for columns, walls
, upper portion of temples and other public buildings, baked clay used for roof tiles.

Summary(Roman)

Emerged in 4th century AD.

The use of concrete and bricks facilitated the buildings.
The dome permitted construction of vaulted ceilings without crossbeams and made
possible large covered public space such as public baths and basilicas.
Devlopment in Architecture: Domes, Mosaics, Hupocaust, Roman roofs, Spiral Stairs
Two more orders were introduced :Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, Composit.
City planning : parallel and equal distant,the whole forms a unit
ofrectangulardesign surrounded by aperimetral wallwith watchtowers.
Housing were divided intohouse,domus,insulaandvilla.
TEMPLES: Temple of Saturn, Rome(284 A.D.) ,The pantheon, Rome(120-124
A.D.)
FORUMS:BASILICAS:- (halls of justice)
PILLARS OF VICTORY:- (IN HONOUR OF EMPERORS AND GENERALS)
Thermae was a place of of news and gossip and served as modern club.
Semicircular open place for sitting and exhibition purposes were the
theatres and amphitheatres.