DASAR

GENETIKA
POPULASI

Population
genetics
genetic structure of a populat

Population genetics

genetic structure of a populat

group of
individuals
of the same
species
that can interbreed

Population genetics

genetic structure of a populat

alleles
genotypes

group of
individuals
of the same
species
that can interbreed

Patterns of genetic variation in populatio

Changes in genetic structure through tim

Describing genetic
structure

genotype frequencies (Frekuens

allele frequencies (Frekuensi ge

rr = white
Rr = pink
RR = red

Describing genetic structure

genotype frequencies
allele frequencies
200 white
500 pink

genotype
frequencies:
200/1000 = 0.2 rr
500/1000 = 0.5 Rr

300 red
total = 1000 flowers

300/1000 = 0.3 RR

Describing genetic structure

genotype frequencies
allele frequencies
200 rr = 400 r
500 Rr= 500 r
= 500 R

allele
frequencies:
900/2000 = 0.45 r

1100/2000 = 0.55 R

300 RR= 600 R

total = 2000 alleles

for a
population
with
100 GG
genotypes:
160 Gg

140 gg

calculate:
Genotype frequencies

Phenotype frequencies

Allele frequencies

for a
population
with
100 GG
genotypes:
160 Gg

calculate:
Genotype frequencies
100/400 = 0.25 GG
260
0.65
160/400 = 0.40 Gg
140/400 = 0.35 gg

Phenotype frequencies
260/400 = 0.65 green
140/400 = 0.35 brown

140 gg

Allele frequencies
360/800 = 0.45 G
440/800 = 0.55 g

another way to
calculate
Genotype frequencies
0.25 GG
G 0.25
allele frequencies:
100 GG

0.40 Gg
0.35 gg

160 Gg

G0.40/2 = 0.20
g 0.40/2 = 0.20
g 0.35

Allele frequencies
140 gg

360/800 = 0.45 G
440/800 = 0.55 g
OR

[0.25 + (0.40)/2] = 0.45

[0.35 + (0.40)/2] = 0.55

Why is genetic variation important?

variation

global
warming

survival

EXTINCTION!!
no variation

Why is genetic variation important?

north

south

variation
north

south

no variation

Why is genetic variation important?

north

south

divergence

variation
north

south

no variation

NO DIVERGENCE

How does genetic structure

change?

How does genetic structure change?

changes in allele frequencies

and/or genotype frequencies
through time

How does genetic structure change?

changes in allele frequencies

and/or genotype frequencies
through time
mutation
migration
natural selection
genetic drift
non-random mating

How does genetic structure change?

mutation
migration
natural

spontaneous change in DN
creates new alleles

ultimate source of all

selection
genetic variation

genetic drift
non-random mating

How does genetic structure change?

mutation
migration

individuals move into popu

natural selection introduces new alleles

genetic drift
non-random mating

gene flow

How does genetic structure change?

mutation
migration
natural

certain genotypes produc

more offspring

differences in survival
or reproduction
selection

differences infitnes

genetic drift

leads to adaptation

non-random mating

Natural
selection Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1:
1.00 not resis
0.00 resistant

Natural selection

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1:
1.00 not resis
0.00 resistant

Natural selection

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1:
1.00 not resis
0.00 resistant

Generation 2:
0.96 not resis
0.04 resistant

mutation!

Natural selection

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1:
1.00 not resis
0.00 resistant

Generation 2:
0.96 not resis
0.04 resistant

Generation 3:
0.68 not resis
0.32 resistant

Natural selection

Resistance to antibacterial soap

Generation 1:
1.00 not resis
0.00 resistant

Generation 2:
0.96 not resis
0.04 resistant

Generation 3:
0.68 not resis
0.32 resistant

Generation 4:
0.12 not resis
0.88 resistant

Natural selection can cause

populations to diverge

north

south

divergence

How does genetic structure change?

mutation
migration

genetic change by chance

natural selection
genetic drift

sampling error

non-random mating

misrepresentation
small populations

Genetic
drift

Before:
8 RR 0.50 R
8 rr
0.50 r
After:
2 RR
6 rr

0.25 R
0.75 r

How does genetic structure change?

mutation
migration
cause changes in
natural selection allele frequencies

genetic drift
non-random mating

How does genetic structure change?

mutation
migration
natural

mating combines alle

selection
into genotypes

genetic drift

non-random mating

non-random matingnon-random

allele combinations

A A A
A A a
A
A
a
A
A
0.8
A
0.8

a
0.2

AA
0.8 x 0.8

aA
0.2 x 0.8

a
0.2
Aa
0.8 x 0.2

aa
0.2 x 0.2

aa x aa

Aa x Aa

aa

1AA:2Aa:1aa

allele frequencies:
A = 0.8
a = 0.2

genotype frequencies:
AA = 0.8 x 0.8 = 0.64
Aa = 2(0.8 x0.2) = 0.32
aa = 0.2 x 0.2 = 0.04