Tin hc ng dng trong Marketing

(SPSS)
GV: ThS. D Th Chung
Khoa Marketing
T: 0918 23 23 13
Email: duchung1986@gmail.com

GII THIU CHUNG

TN MN HC: Tin hc ng dng

trong marketing (SPSS)

S VHT/TN CH: 2
S TIT: 30
S BUI HC: 6
PHN B THI LNG
L THUYT:
20 TIT
TRAO I V BI TP: 10 TIT

MC TIU MN HC
Sau khi hc xong mn hc ny, sinh vin c
th:
Phn bit cc khi nim c bn trong SPSS
Thc hnh m ha, x l phn tch v din

gii kt qu nghin cu
To c s nghin cu chuyn su v nng

cao trong nghin cu

PHNG PHP GING

DY
Thuyt ging l thuyt
Trao i, bi tp thc hnh
Bi thuyt trnh nhm: Theo ti

NHIM V VI SINH VIN

Tham d lp y , vng mt b tr im

qu trnh, tr 15 pht coi nh vng mt.

c gio trnh, ti liu tham kho trc khi

n lp
Tham gia pht biu, tho lun nhm v lm

bi tp ti lp
Tham gia nhm lm vic ngoi gi hc

NH GI KT QU HC
TP
Kim tra gia k, tho lun, thuyt trnh

trong qu trnh hc: 30% tng im

Bi thi t lun: ng/sai-gii thch ngn gn
(khng s dng ti liu)
Bi thi ht mn: 70% tng im
Hnh thc: t lun
c s dng ti liu
Thi gian: 60- pht:
thi khong 5-10 nhn nh ng/sai-gii
thch
v 1 cu l thuyt

TI LIU HC TP
1.

Bi ging ca ging vin

2.

Hong Trng & Chu Nguyn Mng Ngc, Phn tch

d liu nghin cu vi SPSS, TPHCM: NXB Thng
K, 2008

3.

Nguyn nh Th & Nguyn Th Mai Trang, Nghin

cu th trng, TPHCM: NXB H Quc Gia TpHCM,
2010

4.

Nguyn nh Th & Nguyn Th Mai Trang, Nghin

cu khoa hc Marketing : ng dng m hnh cu
trc tuyn tnh SEM, 2011

5.

Cc ti liu hng dn SPSS

Chng I
M HA, NHP LIU,
LM SCH D LIU

Mc tiu chng
Gii thiu tng quan SPSS
Phn loi d liu v thang

o
M ha, nhp liu

Gii thiu chung v SPSS

c pht trin bi Norman H.Nte,

C.Hadlad (Tex) Hull v Dale H.Bent

ca trng H Standford nm 1960
SPSS (Statistical Package for the

Social Sciences) : Phn mm thng

k c s dng trong lnh vc
khoa hc x hi

Gii thiu chung v SPSS

Hin ti SPSS c nhiu phin bn, n nay

l SPSS 22
Cc phin bn sau ny ca SPSS c b

sung mt vi tin ch mi nhng him khi

c s dng vi ngi s dng thng
thng
Ngi hc c th ci t phin bn SPSS

16 hoc 18.

Khi nim v
phng php
x l d liu

12

Qu trnh chuyn ha d liu

Database
D liu
tinh

D liu
th

Software

13

Cc phng php x l d
liu
Phng php th cng
- Phng php kim m (Tallying)
- Phng php la ra v m
(Sorting and Counting)

14

Cc phng php x l d
liu
Phng php x l bng my tnh
- S dng cc chuyn vin x l d
liu
- S dng cc phn mm x l d
liu trn gi
- Pht trin cc phn mm ring

15

Quy trnh x l d liu

1. Gi tr ha d liu
2. M ha cc cu tr li

Chun b
d liu

3. Nhp d liu vo my tnh

4. Lm sch d liu
5. Lu tr d liu phn tch
6. Phn tch d liu
16

Lu tr
v
Phn tch

Cng vic chun b d liu

Kim tra tnh hp l ca d liu
Hiu chnh d liu

17

Kim tra tnh hp l ca d

liu
Kim tra bng cu hi c tr li:
tnh y ca bng cu hi, vic ghi
chp cu tr li
Kim tra tnh logic ca cc cu tr li
Xem xt nhng ch dn v th tc phng
vn
Kim tra tnh trung thc ca cc cu tr
li
18

Hiu chnh d liu

Lin h trc tip phng vn vin lm
sng t vn : cc cu tr li khng c
c, khng r
Gp v phng vn li p vin
Suy lun t cc cu tr li khc
Loi b ton b bng cu hi v tin
hnh phng vn li

19

M ha d liu

20

Khi nim
M ha d liu (coding) l qu trnh chuyn
i cc tr li thnh dng m s nhp v
x l d dng
c thc hin trc hoc sau khi phng vn
Cc k hiu m ha cho cc bin v cc tr li
c trnh by trong mt s m (code book)
D liu m ha xong c nhp vo my di
dng mt ma trn gi l ma trn d liu

21

PHN LOI D LIU

So snh d liu nh tnh

v d liu nh lng
D liu nh tnh
- Phn nh tnh cht, s
hn km
- Khng tnh c gi tr
trung bnh
- c th hin di nhiu
cch thc khc nhau.
VD :
Gii tnh : Nam N
Kt qu hc tp : Gii
Kh Trung bnh
Yu

D liu nh lng
- Phn nh mc , s hn
km
- Tnh c gi tr trung
bnh
- c th hin bng cc
con s c th
VD :
Tui tc, thu nhp,
im s

CC LOI THANG O
Thang o l cng c dng quy c (m
ha) cc tnh trng hay mc ca cc n
v kho st theo cc c trng c xem
xt
Thang o danh ngha nominal scale
Thang o th bc ordinal scale
Thang o khong interval scale
Thang o t l - ratio scale

Thang o danh ngha Nominal

scale
Thang o danh ngha hay cn gi l thang o nh

danh (nominal scale)

Trong thang o cc con s ch dng phn loi
cc i tng, chng khng mang ngha no
khc
Thc cht thang o danh ngha l s phn loi v
t tn cho cc biu hin v n nh cho chng
mt s tng ng
Nhng php ton thng k c th s dng : m,
tnh tn sut ca mt biu hin no , xc nh
gi tr mode, thc hin mt s kim nh

Thang o nh danh(tt)
- C th s dng cu hi 1 la chn (SA)
hoc cu hi nhiu la chn (MA)

Phn loi: - Thang nh phn (Dichotomy

Scale)
- Thang iu mc (Category
Scale)

V d v Thang o nh
danh
1. Bn c thch nhn hiu xe my Suzuki
hay khng?
1. C
2. Khng
2. Tnh trng hn nhn ca bn l
1. c gia nh
2. Cha c gia
nh
3. Bn bit n cc nhn hiu no sau y?
(MA)
1. Double Rich
2. Sunsilk

Thang o th t

Dng xp hng cc c
tnh ca s vt, hin tng
theo mt th t nht nh
Cp ca thang o lng
bao gm c thng tin v
s biu danh v xp hng
theo th t

Thang o th t (tt)
Cc dng: - Cu hi xp hng
- Cu hi so snh cp
Cc bin o lng bao gm:
- tui, khong thu nhp, trnh
hc vn, th t quan tm/u tin/yu
thch

V d v Thang o th t
(Ordinal scale)
Bn vui lng sp xp th t t 1 n 6 theo mc
quan tm ca bn khi chn mua mt nhn hiu thi
trang, theo cch thc: (1)quan tm nht, (6) t quan
tm nht
1. Thng hiu

2. Gi c

3. a im mua hng

4. Thi phc v ca nhn vin

5. Cch trang tr ca hng

6. Cht lng sn phm

Thang o th t Ordinal
scale
i

vi thang o th bc,

khuynh hng trung tm c

th xem xt bng s trung v
v s mode, phn tn ch
c o bng khong (Range)

Thang o khong Interval

scale
L mt dng ca thang o th bc v n cho bit

c khong cch gia cc th bc

Thng thng thang o ny c dng l mt dy

ch s lin tc v u n t 1 n 5, t 1 n 7
hay t 1 n 10
Dy s ny c hai cc hai u th hin trng thi

i nghch nhau
VD : 1-Rt khng hi lng 7-Rt hi lng
1-Khng ng

5- ng

Thang o khong Interval scale

Trong vic o lng thi hay kin th thang o

khong cung cp nhiu thng tin hn so vi thang

o th bc
Cc php ton thng k c th thc hin: tnh

khong bin thin, s trung bnh, lch chun

Cc loi thang o khong

Thang Likert: Thang o lit k mt chui

pht biu, nhn nh v ngi tr li s
nh gi theo cc mc . V d:

Tr li
Ni dung hi
Gi c l yu t v
cng quan trng khi
mua hng
Bn lun l ngi
quyt nh mua sn
phm

Hon
ton
ng

ng

ng
mt
phn

Khng
ng

Hon
ton
khng
ng

Cc loi thang o khong (tt)

Thang Stapel: S dng 1 t/1 cm t

C thang im vi cc bc cng(+) hoc tr(-)
V d : Bn hy nh gi kin v tnh ty
sch ca bt git Omo
+3
+2
+1
Tnh ty sch
-1
-2
-3

Cc loi thang o khong (tt)

Thang i ngha: S dng 2 nhm 2 cc

c ngha tri ngc nhau
V d:

Bn thy bao b ca sn phm A th no?

Rt xu
1

Rt p
2

Thang o t l - Ratio scale

C tt c cc c tnh khong cch v th t ca

thang o khong
im 0 trong thang o t l l mt tr s tht
nn ta c th thc hin c php ton chia
tnh t l nhm mc ch so snh
VD : Bn bao nhiu tui
Cc con s thu c c c tnh l tnh t l c

Thang o t l - Ratio scale

Cc bin thu thp bng thang o khong v t l

c th o lng xu hng trung tm bng bng

tn s, biu tn s, trung bnh s hc. Cc
phng n o bng lch chun, phng sai t
c s dng
Chng trnh SPSS gp chung hai long thang o

ny thnh mt gi l Scale Measures(thang o

mc )

KHAI BO BIN V NHP LIU

Khi ng SPSS
Nhn vo biu tng SPSS for Window trn

mn hnh destop
Hoc vo Start -> All Programs ->SPSS for
Window -> SPSS 16.0
Xut hin hp thoi
o Run the tutorial : Chy chng trnh tr gip
o Type in data : Nhp d liu mi
o Create new query using Database Winzard: Lp
mt truy vn d liu s dng Database Winzard
o Open an exsting data source : M file d liu
c sn
(Ch : Hp thoi ny ch xut hin mt ln khi
bn khi ng SPSS)

Cc nh dng d liu khc m

SPSS c th c
Bng tnh Excel (*.xls, *.xlsx), Lotus

(*.w*);
Database dbase (*.dbf);
ASCII text (*.txt, *.dat);
Complex database Oracle, Access;
Cc tp tin t cc phn mm thng k khc
(Stata, SAS).

M mt file t excel
Vo Menu File, Open, Data. Sau , vo

mc Files of type chn loi tp tin

cn truy xut d liu. y, chng ta
quan tm n tp tin ca EXCEL.
V d:
C 1 tp tin EXCEL cha d liu v dn c
v lao ng. Ni dung ca tp tin ny bt
u t A1 n C15. By gi chuyn ni
dung ca tp tin ny sang SPSS.

File excel

Giao din khai bo bin

Khai bo tn bin:
Tn bin s hin th trn mn hnh data ca SPSS

v b hn ch v s k t hin th, do cn thit

phi khai bo ngn gn v d gi nh. Thng
thng nn t theo th t cu hi trong bng
nh q1,q2, hoc c1,c2,
Bt u bng mt ch ci v khng bt u bng
du chm(.)
Khng c cha khong trng v cc k t c
bit nh (!),(?),(*)
Cc t kha sau y khng c dng lm tn
bin :
ALL,NE,EQ,TO,LE,LT,BY,OR,GT,AND,NOT,GET,WITH

Nhp gi tr (Ct Value)

Nhp chut vo nt nm pha phi ca ti dng

ca bin ang khai bo, hp thoi khai bo Value

Labels s xut hin :
Value: Nhp cc gi tr
m ha
Label : Nhn gii thch
ngha ca cc m s
nhp
- Sau khi nhp d liu
vo 2 trn, nhn
Add lu
- Nu mun sa m
nhp, n Change,
hoc mun xa n
Remove
- Sau khi nhp xong
ht nhn OK

Nhp gi tr khuyt
Gi tr khuyt l nhng gi tr trong qu trnh phng

vn v mt l do no ngi phng vn khng tr

li hoc tr li nhiu p n m bo thng tin
cn nh ngha cc gi tr ny
Nhp chut vo nt nm pha phi ca ct
Missing ti dng ca bin ang khai bo, hp thoi
khai bo Missing Values s xut hin :
- D liu thu thp c khng
c gi tr khuyt
- Khai bo con s i din
cho gi tr khuyt (c th c
1 hoc 3 con s i din ghi
t tri sang phi )

S lng bin t cc
dng cu hi
- Cau hoi mot tra li (SA):
- Cau hoi nhieu tra li (MA): dichotomy
va category
- Cau hoi gii han so cau tra li
- Cau hoi nhieu van e
- Cau hoi m: nh tnh va nh lng

Mt s ch khi nhp liu

Chn mt bin mi hoc mt bng ghi mi
Chn bin mi : Nhn Data/Insert variable hoc

nhn vo
Chn bng ghi mi : Nhn Data/Insert Case hoc
nhn vo
Tm n bng ghi cn thit : Go to case
Sp xp bng ghi
Nhn Data/Sort case
Sp xp theo bin ti Sort by vi chiu tng

(Ascending) hoc gim (Descending)

Mt s ch khi nhp liu

Bin mt bin thnh mt bng ghi
Nhn Data/Transpose/Variable(s) l nhng bin

cn thay i
Kim tra gi tr nhp
Nhn ton b gi tr : Nhn View/Value Lables
Kim tra mt bin no : Utilities/Variables
Kim tra b m ha : Utilities/File info, vi b m

ha ny ta c th kim tra li mt ln na cng

vic nh ngha cc bin hoc cng c th lm
danh b cho vic nhp liu sau ny.

Mt s php
bin i d liu

Th tc compute
To bin mi khng hoc c iu kin
Trong qu trnh nhp liu c th rt ngn thi gian nhp liu
hoc phc v mc ch phn tch, chng ta cn c th to ra
bin mi t cc d kin v cu trc ca bin nhp
To bin mi khng c iu kin: Gi s theo s liu

thng k thu c s nm cng tc (bin namct) ca i

tng nghin cu v cc i tng s c ngh hu sau
25 nm cng tc, bit c s nm cng tc cn li
trc khi ngh hu l bao nhiu nm na, ta thnh lp
thm bin mi nghihuu = 25 - namct
Nhn Transform/Compute
Trong Target variable nhp bin mi (nghihuu) trong
chng ta cn phi nh ngha Type&Label tin cho vic
qun l v so snh cc gi tr sau ny
Trong Numeric Expression nhp gi tr cn gn cho bin
mi t bin ch cho trc

M ha li bin (cont.)
To bin mi khng

hoc c iu kin
Nu bin mi khng

c iu kin g th
chng trnh mc nh
l Include all cases
Nu bin mi km
theo iu kin. Nhn
If/If
case
satisfies
condition sau ghi
iu kin trng
ngay pha di.

Gom bin (Recode)

p dng khi :
Gim s lng biu hin ca 1 bin nh tnh xung

cn 2-3 biu hin

Bin mt bin nh lng thnh mt bin nh tnh
Recode into same variables :
Recode trn cng mt bin, tc l nh li nhng

gi tr ca nhng bin hin ti hoc rt ngn bt

dy cc gi tr tn ti thnh nhng gi tr mi trn
cng nhng bin
Nhn Transform/Recode into same variable
Chuyn cc bin cn nh li sang hp thoi Variables
Nhn Old and new values nh li cc gi tr cn thay i
Nhn If xc nh iu kin thc hin Recode

Hp thoi Old and New

values
Old value : Khai bo gi tr

c cn chuyn i
New value : dng khai bo
gi tr mi s thay th cho
gi tr c tng ng
Nhn Add lu
Nhn Change nu thay i
Nhn Remove nu mun
loi b thay i
Nu vic nh li gi tr c
cc iu kin km theo ta
dng cng c If

M ha li bin(Recode)
Recode into different variables :
Trong trng hp to mt bin mi vi cc gi

tr m ha do bn khai bo trn c s bin gc,

cn bin c lm c s m ha vn c gi li
Nhn Transform/Recode Into Different Variables

LM SCH D LIU
S cn thit

D liu sau khi nhp xong cha th a ngay

vo x l v phn tch c v c th cn
nhiu li do :
Cht lng ca phng vn v c sot :
phng vn vin hiu sai cu hi v thu thp
d liu sai, chn sai i tng phng vn
hoc ghi chp nhm, ngi c phng vn
tr li sai , ngi c sot cha pht hin
c
Nhp d liu sai, st, tha

LM SCH D LIU
Cc phng php lm sch d liu
Dng bng tn s
Lp bng tn s cho tt c cc bin, c tm cc
gi tr l
Ngoi ra c th dng lnh Find nh trong Excel
Dng bng phi hp hai hay ba bin (hc

chng 2)

Chng II

Thng k m t

Thng k m t
Bng phn b tn s
Tnh i lng thng k m t
To bng kt hp nhiu bin
X l cu hi nhiu la chn

Bng phn b tn sut

Bng phn phi tn sut c th hin
vi tt c cc bin nh tnh (ri rc) vi
cc thang o nh danh, th bc v cc
bin nh lng (lin tc) vi thang o
khong cch hoc t l.
T thanh menu chn:
Analyze / Descriptive Statistics /
Frequencies

Frequencies

Chn mt hoc mt s bin nh lng hoc nh tnh

Nhp Statistics c cc thng k m t i vi bin nh lng

Nhp Charts c th thanh, th trn, v biu tn sut.
Nhp Format c trt t m cc kt qu c th hin.

Frequencies Statistics

Percentile Values. Cc tr s ca mt
bin nh lng chia d liu c th bc
vo thnh cc nhm sao cho mt t l
% c th l nm trn n v mt t l %
khc nm di n. Cc s t phn v
chia cc quan st ra thnh 4 nhm c
cng s lng quan st. Nu mun mt
s lng cc nhm ln hn 4, hy chn
Cut points for n equal groups. Cng c
th xc nh cc s phn v ring bit
(v d, phn v th 95, l tr s m nm
di n l 95% s lng quan st).

Central Tendency. Cc thng k m t trung tm ca mt phn b bao

gm trung bnh, trung v, mode, v tng mi tr s.
Dispersion. Cc thng k o c ln ca s bin thin bao gm lch
chun, phng sai, phm vi, tr s ln nht, nh nht, v sai s chun ca
trung bnh.
Distribution. Skewness { lch} v Kurtosis { nhn} l cc thng k
m t hnh dng v cn xng ca mt phn b.
Value are group midpoints. Nu cc tr s trong d liu l im gia ca
cc nhm, hy chn tu chn ny c lng trung v v cc phn v cho
d liu th, khng nhm gp.

Frequencies Charts
Chart Values. i vi th thanh, trc
thang o c th c t nhn bi s lng
hoc t l %.
Chart Type: Mt th trn {pie chart}
th hin phn b ca cc b phn trong
ton b. Tng ming ca th trn tng
ng vi mt nhm c xc nh bi mt
bin lp nhm. Mt th thanh {bar
chart} th hin s lng/tn s ca tng tr
s ring bit hoc tng nhm nh l mt
thanh ring, cho php bn so snh
cc nhm di dng hnh nh. Mt biu tn s {Histogram} cng c
cc thanh, nhng chng c v dc theo mt thang o khong bng
nhau. Chiu cao ca tng thanh l s lng ca cc tr s ca mt bin
nh lng ri vo trong khong. Mt biu tn sut th hin hnh dng,
trung tm, v tri rng ca phn b. Mt ng cong chun t
chng thm vo mt biu tn sut gip bn xt on liu chng d
liu c phn b chun.

M t d liu (Descriptive)
S dng Analyze / Descriptive Statistics /Descriptives m hp
thoi m t thng k

y l mt dng cng c khc c th c dng tm tc d liu v ch

cho php thao tc trn dng d liu nh lng (thang o khong v t l).
c dng th hin xu hng tp trung ca d liu (central tendency)
thng qua gi tr trung bnh ca cc gi tr trong bin (mean), v m t s
phn tn ca d liu thng qua phng sai v lch chun. Chuyn cc
bin cn tm tt vo hp thoi variables v nhp thanh options la
chn cc thng s thng k cn m t, nh gi tr trung bnhmean, gi tr
ti thiu, gi tr ti a, phng sai v lch chun

Lp bng nhiu chiu cho cc bin mt tr li

Bng nhiu chiu l dng bng cho th hin tn sut xut hin ca mt
bin ny trong mi quan h vi mt hay nhiu bin khc. Bng cho cn
cung cp nhiu loi kim nh thng k v o lng mi quan h v
tng quan gia cc bin trong bng
Chn trn menu Analyze / Descriptive Statistics /Crosstabs
Cc bin trong tp d liu c hin th bn hp bn tri. Chn cc
bin hng a vo hp Row(s) v cc bin ct a vo hp
Column(s). Thng thng bin ph thuc hay bin cn quan st
thng c a v hng (rows) v bin c lp hay bin kim sot
c a v ct (columns).

Crosstabs
- Ngoi ra, chng ta c th a thm vo bng cho
cc bin iu khin (layer) to ra cc bng bin
cho nhiu chiu. Mi bng cho ring bit s c
to ra ng vi mi gi tr ca mi bin iu khin. Mi
bin iu khin s chia bng cho thnh nhiu nhm
nh hn. C th thm ti a 8 bin iu khin. Vic
a vo cc bin iu khin ny cho php ta xem xt
cc mi quan h m lc ban u khng th thy
ngay.
- Cng c Cells trong hp thoi cho php ta tnh ton
cc h s o lng mi quan h gia cc bin nh
% hng, % ct, % Total tu thuc vo yu cu nghin
cu.

Lp bng cho bin nhiu tr li

5.1 nh ngha nhm bin nhiu tr li (define multi response sets)
Trong cu hi nhiu tr li s bao gm nhiu bin cha ng cc tr li c
th c, nhng bin ny gi l bin s cp. Do x l, chng ta phi
gp cc bin s cp ny thnh mt bin gp cha cc bin s cp.
chn menu Data/Define Multiple Response Sets

Chn tt c nhng bin

s cp lin quan n mt
cu hi nhiu tr li
hp thoi Set Definition
bn tri chuyn sang
hp thoi Variables in
Set bn phi
Sau ch nh cch m ha cc bin (dichotomy hay category); dy
gi tr m ha (Range Through) xc nh khong bin thin cho cc gi
tr trong bin gp; xc nh tn v gn nhn cho bin gp. Sau n
thanh Add a tn nhm va xc nh vo hp Multi Response Sets.

Lp bng cho bin nhiu tr li

5.2 Lp bng cho cc bin nhiu tr li:
S dng cc tn nhm a bin c nh ngha bng cng c
Define Multi Response Sets c cp phn trn sau
vo Analyze\Multiple response v chn Frequencies hoc
Crosstabs ty theo nhu cu lp bng mt chiu hay a chiu.
Ch : Trong cc cng c Frequencies v Crosstabs s dng cho
bin nhiu tr li ch m t tn sut xut hin ca cc gi tr trong
bin gp v cc t l % nhng khng c cc phng php kim
nh thng k km theo.

Lp bng
Khi tin hnh lp bng m t thng
k cho kt qu cui cng ca vn
nghin cu c th dng cc cng c
trong statistics\custom table
to ra cc bng biu (c th l bng
mt chiu, bng nhiu chiu):

Chng III
Kim tra tin cy
ca cc thang o Kim nh mi quan
h gia hai bin

I- Kim tra tin cy ca thang o

Trong nghin cu, vic kim tra tin cy ca

cc thang o l cc k quan trng

Mt trong nhng im quan trng nht l
m bo tnh n nh ca thang o (scales
internal consistency). Vic ny cp n mc
phi hp gia cc item trong mt
construct - Liu rng cc item ny c o lng
cho cng mt construct hay khng ?
Mt trong nhng ch s o lng tin cy ca cc
thang o c s dng thng xuyn l
Cronbachs alpha
Cronbachs alpha >= 0.7

V d

Trnh t tin hnh

Ch : Trc khi kim tra tin cy ca thang

o, cn phi chuyn ton b nhng Item cha

nhng cu hi ngc li thnh cu hi xui
Trnh t tin hnh :
Analyze /Scale/ Reliability Analysis
La chon tt c cc Item ca mt construct
chuyn vo hp thoi Items
Trong vng Model, la chn Alpha
Click vo Statistics, trong vng Descriptives for
la chn Item, Scale, vad Scale if item deleted
Click vo Continue, sau n OK.

II. Kim nh mi lin h ca hai

bin nh tnh
Kim nh Chi-bnh phng (Chi-square)

Kim nh Chi-bnh phng v gi

thuyt
Kim nh Chi - bnh phng ( 2) cho bit c tn ti mi lin

h gia hai bin trong tng th hay khng. Tuy nhin 2

khng cho bit mnh yu ca mi lin h gia hai bin
S dng 2 kim nh gi thuyt :
H (null hypothesis) : Khng c mi lin h gia hai bin
hay hai bin c lp vi nhau
K : C mi lin h gia hai bin
Tiu chun kim nh : so snh gi tr gii hn v i lng
2
Bc b gi thuyt h nu 2 > 2 (r-1)(c-1),
Ngc li chp nhn H
Trong
c: s ct ca bng
r : s hng ca bng

1-Kim nh mi quan h gia hai bin

nh danh-nh danh/nh danh - th bc
VD : Kim nh mi lin h gia hc vn (hocvan) v cch

c bo (c6.1)
H : Hc vn khng c mi lin h vi cch c bo ( Cch
c bo khng chu nh hng ca hc vn )
Trnh t thc hin
Analyze/ Descriptive Statistc/ Crosstabs. Xut hin hp
thoi Crosstabs
Trong mc Row(s) chn hocvan (hoc c6.1)
Trong mc Column, chn c6.1 (hoc hocvan)
M hp thoi Statistics, chn Chi-square, sau chn
Continue.
M hp thoi Cells nhm xc nh cch th hin cc gi tr
thng k trong tng ca bng cho

Output

Output

S dng quy tc P-value a ra kt lun.

P-value l xc sut mc sai lm loi I - xc

sut mc sai lm khi loi b gi thuyt H 0 (c

cng mc ngha vi )
Xc sut ny cng cao cho thy hu qu ca
vic phm sai lm khi loi b gi thuyt H 0
cng nghim trng. Do vy khng bc b H 0
nu P-value qu ln, SPSS gi P-value l Sig.
P-value < Bc b H0

Ch
Kim nh Chi-bnh phng ch c ngha khi s quan

st ln, nu c qu 20% s trong bng cho c tn

s l thuyt nh hn 5 th gi tr 2 ni chung khng
cn ng tin cy.
Cui bng Chi-square test, SPSS lun a ra thng bo
cho bit % s c tn sut mong i di 5 ca bng
Trong Vd trn c 33,3 % s c tn sut di 5, do vy
phi gom cc biu hin trn ca cc bin li tng s
biu hin trn mi nhm (thng qua cng c Recode)
VD : Nhm 1 (cp 1-2), nhm 2 (cp 3- THCN), nhm 3
(C-SVH), nhm 4 (tt nghip H)
Chy li lnh Crosstabs kim nh Chi-bnh phng.

B1
B2

Output

P-value =0.17 < =0.05, bc b H 0

KL : Cch c bo chu nh hng ca trnh

hc vn.
( Khng c no c tn sut mong i di 5
nn c th tin tng vo chnh xc ca kim
nh )

Gii thch v cc i lng khc trn

bng Chi-square test

Likelihood Ratio l mt s thng k tng t

Pearson Chi-Square, vi nhng c mu ln, kt

qu ca hai s thng k ny rt gn nhau
Linear-by-Linear Association o lng mi lin
h tuyn tnh gia hai bin, s thng k ny ch
hu dng khi bin hng v ct c sp xp t
nh nht n ln nht (nu khng nn b qua)

2-Kim nh mi lin h gia hai

bin th bc
Trong trng hp hai yu t nghin cu l hai bin thu

thp c t thang o th bc, thay v dng i lng

Chi-bnh phng, chng ta c th dng mt trong cc
i lng : tau-b ca Kendall, d ca Somer,gamma ca
Goodman v Kruskal. Cc i lng ny gip pht hin
ra mi lin h tt hn Chi-square.
VD : nghin cu mi lin h gia tui tc v mc
quan tm i vi ch gia nh trn bo SGTT (c hai
yu t u l d liu th bc)
Gi thuyt H : Tui tc khng c mi lin h vi mc
quan tm n ch gia nh trn bo SGTT (hay mc
quan tm n ch gia nh trn bo SGTT khng
khc nhau gia cc nhm tui )

Mt s i lng thng k
Gamma () ca Goodman v Kruskal
Gamma l mt thc o ph bin, d cm nhn, d gii
thch v nh gi bng cch s dng bng phn phi z, v tr
s ca n nm trong khong t -1 (lin h nghch hon
ton) n +1(lin h thun hon ton), gi tr 0 trung tm
i din cho s c lp hon ton gia hai bin
Nhiu nh nghin cu khng thch Gamma v n c xu
hng thi phng mi lin h gia cc bin bi nhng d
liu n b qua khng xt n trong qu trnh tnh ton (do
quy tc tnh ca Gamma)
2. tau-b ca Kendall
b s dng hu ht cc d liu nn s gn nh lun lun nh
hn v vy n ng tin cy hn.
b ca Kendall, ca Goodman v Kruskal, d ca Somer c
tr s tng t nhau khi tnh ton vi bt k bng cho no.
Tuy nhin, ch s b thch hp hn cho nhng bng cn i
(s hng bng s ct), cn c thch hp hn cho nhng bng
1.

Trnh t thc hin

Gi thuyt H : Tui tc (tuoi_4n) khng c mi

lin h vi mc quan tm n ch gia nh

trn bo SGTT (c19.3)
Analyze/Descriptive Statistics/Crosstabs

H s tng quan r
Pearson v h s
tng quan hng
Spearman

o
lng mc tng
quan tuyn tnh gia
hai bin nh lng
hay th bc

Output

Chng IV
Kim nh trung bnh
tng th

Gii thiu mt s php kim

nh
C nhiu php kim nh c s dng trong SPSS
Nu ta mun so snh trung bnh ca mu vi mt gi

tr c nh no ta s dng One-sample T-test

Nu mun so snh trung bnh ca hai nhm tng th
ring bit ta s dng kim nh Independent-samples Ttest
so snh trung bnh ca hai nhm tng th ring bit
c c im l mi phn t quan st trong tng th ny
c s tng ng theo cp vi mt phn t mt tng
th bn kia ta s dng kim nh Paired samples T-test
Hoc vi trng hp ta c nhiu hn hai mu c lp,
cn kim nh rung bnh ta c th dng ANOVA mt yu
t (One-way ANOVA)

I-Mean
Cng c ny dng tnh ton cc gi tr TB theo

cc nhm nh v a cc ch s thng k lin quan

cho mt bin ph thuc trong phm vi cc nhm
ca mt hay nhiu bin c lp
C th la chn cc cng c km theo nh phn tch
ANOVA mt yu t, eta v cc kim nh tuyn tnh
VD : o lng mc nh gi TB v mt show
qung co ca ba nhm tiu dng khc nhau (cng
nhn, sinh vin, cng chc)
Cng c ny n gin ch truy xut cc kt qu
thng k quan st c, cc php kim khng c
cp trong phn ny

Cch thc hin

Analyze/Compare Means/Means

Cc bin ph thuc (Dependent variable) trong bng mean phi l bin nh lng
Cc bin c lp ( Independent variable) thng l cc bin nh danh
Cc i lng thng k c s dng ty thuc vo dng d liu
Mean v Standard deviation th da trn l thuyt phn phi chun v thch hp

cho cc bin nh lng vi phn phi i xng

Median v Range thch hp cho cc bin nh lng m ta khng bit liu n c
tha mn cc iu kin phn phi chun hay khng
Ta c th la chn ANOVA v eta thc hin vic phn tch s bin thin mt
chiu cho mi bin c lp ( bin c l l bin chia gi tr ca bin ph
thuc thnh nhng nhm nh)
Cng c Options cho php ta la chn cc i lng thng k cn kho st
ANOVa,eta v Eta bnh phng.

Output

II-One Sample T-test

Hp thoi One-Sample T Test

Xc nh
tin cy cho
kim nghim
(mc nh l
95%) v cch
x l vi gi
tr khuyt

Chn bin cn so
snh (kim nghim)

Khai bo gi tr
kim tra

Hp thoi Options

Exclude cases analysis by analysis : mi kim nghim t s dng ton

b cc trng hp (cases) cha ng gi tr c ngha i vi bin

c kim nghim. c im ca la chn ny l kch thc mu
lun thay i theo tng kim nghim
Exclude cases listwise : mi kim nghim t s dng ch nhng trng
hp c gi tr y i vi tt c cc bin. Trong trng hp ny
kch thc mu lun khng i trong tt c cc php kim nghim

iu kin tin hnh kim nh

One Sample T-test
D liu phi l phn phi chun
Hoc kch thc mu phi ln c xem

l xp x phn phi chun

Thc hnh kim nh gi thuyt :
H : Tui trung bnh ca c gi bo SGTT = 30.

Quy tc kt lun v gi thuyt H

Nu P-value(Sig.) < mc ngha = 0.05 bc

b gi thuyt H, ngha l Mean khc vi Test value

( quy tc ny p dng cho hu ht cc php kim
nh )

Trnh t tin hnh

Dng lnh Count chuyn cc bin Category t c2a.1 n c2a.9

thnh bin dng Dichotomy tn l docSGTT vi biu hin 1 l ngi

c c bo SGTT v 0 l khng c bo SGTT
Transform/ Count
Khai bo tn bin Dichotomy mun to trong Target Variable v nhn

bin trong khung Target Label.

a cc bin t c2a.1 n c2a.9 vo khung Numeric variable
Nhp nt Define Values, m hp thoi Count values within cases
Nhp s 12 l con s c m ha cho bo SGTT vo khung value ri n
Add/ OK
Dng lnh Select Case lc ra cc trng hp docSGTT nhn gi tr 1
cc lnh thng k sau ca SPSS ch thc hin trn cc trng hp ny.

Sau tin hnh kim nh vi bin tuoi, vi gi tr kim tra l 30

Analyze/ Compare Means/ One Sample T Test
Lm cc bc khc nh hng dn

Output

C 159 ngi trong s ngi c iu tra l c gi ca bo

SGTT
tui trung bnh ca cc c gi SGTT l 32,79
Gi tr kim nh t l 3,402 vi P-value(Sig.)=0.001 < mc
ngha = 0.05 Bc b H KL : Tui trung bnh ca c gi
SGTT ln hn 30.

III-Independent-Sample T-test
Kim nh ny dng cho hai mu c lp, dng d liu l dng

thang o hay t l
i vi dng kim nh ny, cc i tng cn kim nghim
c xp mt cch ngu nhin vo hai nhm sao cho bt k
mt khc bit no t kt qu nghin cu l do s tc ng ca
chnh nhm th , ch khng phi do yu t khc.
Cn c hai bin tham gia trong php kim nh trung bnh: 1
bin nh lng v 1 bin nh tnh dng chia nhm so snh
VD : nh gi tc ng ca mt chng trnh qung co. Ta
la chn ra hai nhm khch hng c lp, nhm xem
chng trnh qung co v nhm xem chng trnh qung
co. y ngoi tc ng ca chng trnh qung co, ngi
nghin cu cn phi m bo khng tn ti yu t no ng
k tc ng n s nh gi v sn phm nh gii tnh, s tiu
dng

Quy trnh
Trc khi tin hnh kim nh t v ANOVA, i hi phi tin

hnh kim nh Levene trc xc nh tnh ng nht ca

phng sai.
Kt qu ny s nh hng n vic la chn cc kim nghim
trung bnh khc (kim nghim vi phng sai hai mu bng
nhau v kim nghim vi phng sai hai mu khng bng
nhau )
Kim nh Levene kim nh gi thuyt cho rng phng sai
ca cc mu quan st bng nhau. Nu kt qu kim nh cho
P-value < 0.05 bc b H. Kt qu ca vic chp nhn hay
bc b H s nh hng n vic la chn loi kim nh trung
bnh no.
SPSS s t ng thc hin Levene test trc khi kim nh
trung bnh.

V d
So snh gia hai thnh ph H Ni v H

Ch Minh v s nhn khu trung bnh ca

h gia nh
Bin nh lng : sonk
Bin nh tnh : tp
S dng thng tin ca hai mu c lp ( Tp

H Ni v H Ch Minh )
Gi thuyt :

H : Quy m gia nh TB ti hai thnh ph l

nh nhau

Trnh t tin hnh

Analyze/ Compare Means/ Independent Sample T-

test
Xut hin hp thoi Independent Sample T-test
Chn bin nh lng mun kim nh trung bnh

vo Test variable (sonk)

Chn bin nh tnh chia s quan st thnh hai nhm
mu so snh vo Grouping variable ( bin tp)
Nhn hp thoi Define Group
Nhp vo Group 1 m s ca H Ni (1) v Group 2
m s ca Tp HCM (2) hoc ngc li
Nhn Continue tr v hp thoi chnh v nhn OK

Output

Gii thch kt qu Output

Da vo kt qu kim nh s bng nhau ca hai phng

sai
( Kim nh Levenes test ) xem xt kim nh t
Nu gi tr Sig. trong kim nh Levene < 0.05 th phng
sai gia hai thnh ph l khc nhau, ta s s dng kt qu
kim nh t phn Equal variancesc not assumed
Ngc li nu gi tr Sig. 0.05 th phng sai gia hai
thnh ph khng khc nhau, ta s dng kt qu kim nh
phn Equal variances assumed
Theo VD trn, kt qu kim nh Levene l bc b gi
thuyt phng sai bng nhau, s dng kt qu ti phn
Equal variances not assumed cho kim nh t
Ta c : Sig. trong kim nh t < 0.05 bc b H
KL : s nhn khu trung bnh trong mt gia nh H Ni
thp hn Tp. H Ch Minh.

IV- Kim nh Paire Sample T-test

y l dng kim nh dng cho 2 nhm tng th c lin

h vi nhau. D liu mu thu thp c dng thang o

khong cch hoc t l. Qu trnh kim nh s bt u vi
vic tnh ton chnh lch gi tr trn tng cp quan st
bng php tr, sau kim nghim xem chch lch trung
bnh ca tng th c khc khng 0, nu khng tc l khng
c khc bit.
Li th ca php kim nh mu phi hp tng cp l n
loi tr c nhng yu t tc ng bn ngoi nhm th
Phng php ny thch hp vi dng th nghim trc v
sau.
iu kin p dng Paire sample T-test
Kch c hai mu so snh phi bng nhau
Chnh lch gi tr gia cc gi tr ca hai mu phi c phn

phi chun

Y1
Y2
.
.
.
Yn

X1
X2
.
.
.
Xn

d1=y1-x1
d2=y2-x2
.
.
dn=yn-xn

V d
Cng ty ch bin thc phm kho st s nh

gi ca ngi tiu dng v loi u phng ch

bin sn va c ci tin thnh phn nc bt
o. Bn phi t chc cho dng th sn phm
trn mt nhm ngi. Cn yu cu nhng ngi
dng th cho im tng loi sn phm h
th (thang im 10 )
Hai mu th c lu tr trong hai bin c tn
l spban v spthu. Ct th nht cha im nh
gi v sn phm trc ci tin trong bin
spban. Ct th hai cha im nh gi v sn
phm sau ci tin trong bin spthu

Trnh t tin hnh

Analyze/ Compare Means/ Paire Samples T-

test
Chn hai bin cha cc gi tr ca hai mu

quan st trong danh sch a vo khung

Paired variable
Nhn Options chn li mc ngha (nu
cn)
Nhn OK.

Output

Kt lun v gi thuyt H ???

Chng V
Phn tch phng saiAnova

Anova-Analysis of Variance
K thut phn tch phng sai c dng kim

nh gi thuyt cc tng th nhm (tng th b

phn) c gi tr trung bnh bng nhau.
K thut ny da trn c s tnh ton mc bin
thin trong ni b cc nhm v bin thin gia cc
trung bnh nhm.
SPSS c hai th tc phn tch phng sai : ANOVA
mt yu t (One way ANOVA) v ANOVA nhiu yu
t. ANOVA mt yu t s dng khi chng ta ch s
dng mt bin yu t phn loi cc quan st
thnh cc nhm khc nhau. Trong trng hp cn c
vo hai hay nhiu bin yu t phn chia cc
nhm th phi dng n ANOVA nhiu yu t.

I-One-way ANOVA
Cc gi nh :

Cc nhm so snh phi c lp v c chn ngu

nhin
Cc nhm so snh phi c phn phi chun hoc c
mu ln xem nh tim cn phn phi chun
Phng sai ca cc nhm so snh phi ng nht

Gi thuyt :

H : 1 = 2 ==i == n
Trnh t tin hnh

Thc hin Levene test trc xc nh xem cc

phng sai trong nhm c ng nht hay khng
Nu bc b H, tin hnh tip Post hoc xc nh
cc trung bnh no khc nhau.

V d
Gi s chng ta cn so snh c s khc bit hay khng v

mc nh gi tm quan trng ca yu t c t do c
nhn (c36.6) i vi cuc sng ca mt con ngi gia
nhng nhm ngi c hc vn khc nhau
Vi thang o nh lng khong cch 7 mc ( 1-khng
quan trng n 7-rt quan trng ) bin c36.6 l bin nh
lng. Cc hc vn khc nhau c o lng bng bin
nhomhv (4 nhm)
Gi thuyt :
H : Khng c s khc bit v s nh gi tm quan trng
ca yu t t do c nhn gia cc nhm trnh hc vn.
(Hoc : Trnh hc vn khng nh hng ti vic nh gi
v tm quan trng ca yu t c t do c nhn i vi cuc
sng )

Trnh t tin hnh trong SPSS

a bin nh lng vo Dependent list

( bin c36.6)
Bin phn loi xc nh cc i tng
(nhm) cn so snh vo Factor (nhomhv)
Chn nt Options m hp thoi Options

Hp thoi Options
Descriptive tnh cc i lng thng k

m t chi tit cho tng nhm c phn

tch so snh
Homogeneity of variance kim nh s
bng nhau ca cc phng sai nhm (SPSS
s thc hin Levene test khi bn chn mc
ny )
Nhn Continue sau nhn OK

c kt qu Output

Phng sai gia cc nhm l ng nht (chp

nhn gi thuyt H )

c kt qu Output

Tng chnh lch bnh phng trong ni b nhm ( Sum of

Squares within Group -SSW)

Tng chnh lch bnh phng gia cc nhm (Sum of Squares
Between Group -SSB)
Tng cc chnh lch bnh phng ton b (Total Sum of Squares
-SST)
SST = SSW + SSB

Xt vi mc ngha = 0.05 chp nhn gi thuyt H KL :

Xt vi mc ngha = 0.1 bc b gi thuyt H tin hnh
tip Post hoc xc nh TB no khc nhau.

-S dng cc kim nh ny
khi Phng sai ng nht.
-Thng chn Dunnett vi
mc nh l nhm cui cung

Cc kim nh s
dng khi phng sai
khc nhau
Thng chn
Tamhanes T2

Hp thoi Post hoc - Xc nh s

khc bit
LSD : php kim nh ny l vic dng kim nh t ln lt

cho tng cp trung bnh nhm tn cy khng cao

Bonferroni : tin hnh ging quy tc LSD nhng iu chnh
c mc ngha khi tin hnh so snh bi da trn s ln
so snh n gin v hay c s dng
Turkey : Turkey hiu qu hn Bonferroni khi s lng cc
cp trung bnh cn so snh kh nhiu
Dunnett : cho php chn so snh cc tr trung bnh ca cc
nhm mu cn li vi mt tr trung bnh ca mt nhm
mu c th c chn ra so snh
Trong trng hp phng sai bng nhau nn chn dng kim

nh Dunnett vi la chn mc nh l nhm cui cng

Trong trng hp phng sai gia cc nhm khng bng nhay
chn Tamhanes T2

Output

Ch c s khc bit c ngha gia nhm c trnh hc vn cp 1-2

v nhm tt nghip i hc ( v Sig. < 0.1 )

Cn xem xt thm mt s kim nh khc nh Turkey, Bonfferroni trc
khi a ra kt lun cui cng
Notes : trong thng k, vic la chn mc ngha bao nhiu ph thuc
rt nhiu vo mc ch ca kim nghim l g, vi mt cuc nghin cu
khm ph mc ngha c chp nhn l 0.1 . Tuy nhin, vi mt cuc
nghin cu nh gi cc mt nh hng ca mt phng php iu tr
y hc, cn i hi mc ngha ti 0.001% tc tin cy 99,9 %

II-Two way ANOVA

Gi thuyt phn tch phng sai hai yu t
Tng th c phn phi chun
Phng sai ng u ( phng sai ca cc nhm nghin cu phi

u nhau )
V d : Phn tch nh hng ca mc yu thch ngnh hc v

thi gian t hc n kt qu hc tp ca sinh vin

Gi thuyt H :
im TB hc tp ca SV c thi gian t hc khc nhau u bng

nhau
im TB ca sinh vin c mc yu thch ngnh hc khc nhau
u bng nhau
nh hng ca thi gian t hc n im TB l nh nhau i vi cc
nhm sinh vin c mc yu thch ngnh hc ang hc l khc
nhau v nh hng ca mc yu thch ngnh hc n im TB l
nh nhau i vi cc nhm sinh vin c thi gian t hc khc nhau.

Trnh t tin hnh

Analyze/ General Liner Model / Univariate
a bin diemTB sang Dependent

variable
a hai bin yeuthich v tuhoc sang
Fixed factor
Nhn Options m hp thoi Options
Chn cc mc Descriptive statistics,
Homogeneity tests, Estimates of effect
size, Observed power. Chn mc ngha
(nu cn). Nhn Continue

Output

Output

Kim nh Levene cho thy gi thuyt phng sai bng nhau khng b vi phm
Hai nhn t s yu thch v thi gian t hc c nh hng n kt qu hc tp

Phn tch su ANOVA - xc nh s

khc bit
Xc nh cp trung bnh tng th khc nhau

theo yu t nghin cu t hc
Trnh t tin hnh
Analyze/ General Liner Model/ Univariate/ M hp
thoi Post hoc
La chn bin cn kim tra nh hng sang
Post hoc test for
La chn kim nh Turkey

Output

Tt c cc gi tr Sig. u nh hn 0.05

KL : Sinh vin c thi gian t hc khc nhau

s c kt qu hc tp khc nhau.

Phn tch su ANOVA - xc nh s

khc bit (cont.)
Xc nh cp trung bnh tng th khc nhau

theo yu t mc a thch ngnh hc

Tin hnh tng t nh cch lm ca bin

tuhoc

Output

Kt lun : ???

Chng VI
Kim nh phi tham s
(Nonparametric test)

Gii thiu v kim nh phi

tham
s
Kim nh t v ANOVA i hi nhng gi nh kh cht ch v phn

phi chun ca tng th v cc phng sai ca cc tng th cn so

snh bng nhau ( kim nh tham s - Parametric test ). Tuy nhin khi
nhng gi nh ny khng c tha mn th kt qu kim nh s
khng thuyt phc
Khi cc iu kin v phn phi chun v phng sai ng u khng
c tha mn, chng ta phi s dng nhng gi nh t nghim ngt
hn Kim nh vi phn phi bt k hay kim nh phi tham s
(nonparametric test)
Nhc im ca kim nh phi tham s l kh nng tm c nhng
sai bit tht s km hn trong nhng trng hp m cc gi nh ca
kim nh c tham s c tha mn
Kim nh phi tham s ch hu dng cho nhng trng hp khng th
s dng kim nh tham s nh vi c mu nh v vi phm gi nh
v phn phi chun. Ngoi ra n cng thch hp khi mu c nhng
gi tr quan st bt thng (outlier) v nhng d liu nh tnh (nh
danh, th bc)

Mt s kim nh thay th kim nh

Independent Samples v Paired samples T-test

Kim nh MannWhitney

Kim nh du (Sign
test)
Kim nh du v hng
Wilcoxon (Wilcoxon
test)
Kim nh McNeMar

Independent Samples Ttest

Kim nh s bng nhau
ca 2 tr trung bnh
trong trng hp mu
phi hp tng cp
(Paired samples t-test)

Kim nh thay th kim nh

ANOVA

I-Kim nh du-Sign test

Kim nh du l mt th tc phi tham s

n gin nht c s dng cho hai mu lin

h trong tnh hung so snh s khc nhau
ca tr trung bnh ca hai tng th m khng
cn gi thuyt no v hnh dng ca hai
phn phi ny
Xt v d v sn phm u phng
Gi thuyt H :
H : Khng c khuynh hng thch sn phm
loi ny hn so vi sn phm loi kia trong
ton b ngi tiu dng

Trnh t tin hnh kim nh

du
So snh tng cp im nh gi ca tng ngi i vi hai

tnh hung c th (im nh gi sp sau ci tin tr i

im nh gi sp trc ci tin). Tuy nhin, khng quan
tm n chnh lch m ch quan tm n du ca php
tr (du + hoc du - ), trng hp cho im ngang nhau
th b qua khng xt.
Nu theo ng gi thuyt ca bi ton rng trong tng th
ngi tiu dng khng c khuynh hng thch loi sp ny
hn so vi sp kia thi khi xt v du kh nng mt du +
hay mt du - l ngang nhau, tc kh nng ny = 0.
Gi thuyt H:
H: Xc sut mt ngi tiu dng no nh gi sp
sau ci tin cao hn sp trc ci tin (hoc ngc li) l
0.5

Kt qu thc hin php tr trn

mu

Gi tr K t chnh bng s lng du cng m c (C 12 du + v 4 du

-) s c em so vi gi tr gii hn c tnh ra t phn phi nh thc.

Notes: Khi c mu ln, ta s thc hin kim nh du da trn phn phi
chun thay cho phn phi nh thc.

Thc hin K du vi SPSS

Analyze Nonparametic test 2 Related

Samples
Chn cp bin cn kim tra vo test pair(*)
Tick chn kim nh du
M hp thoi Options
Chn cc thng s thng k thng k tm lc
Chn cch x l cc quan st thiu

Output
Hng

TB
ca
chnh lch m l
7,2; ca chnh
lch dng l 7,8
P-value = 0.077 >
0.05
Chp nhn H

II-Kim nh du v hng Wilcoxon

(Wilcoxon test)
Cp gi thuyt nh kim nh du
Cch thc hin :
Analyze Nonparametic test 2 Related

Samples
Chn cp bin cn kim tra vo test pair(*)
Tick chn kim nh Wilcoxon
M hp thoi Options
Chn cc thng s thng k thng k tm lc
Chn cch x l cc quan st thiu
Click Continue
Click OK

Output
Hng TB ca chnh

lch m l 7,5; ca
chnh lch dng l
8.83
P-value = 0.042 <
0.05
Bc b H
Kim nh du v
hng Wilcoxon mnh
hn kim nh du

V d
Kho st tui th ca bng n trn hiu A

v hiu B, c 7 bng hiu A v 5 bng hiu

B c kho st v ghi li tui th ca
chng.

III-Kim nh Mann - Whitney 2 mu

c lp
K Mann-Whitney l php K ph bin nht K gi thit v

s bng nhau ca TB 2 mu c lp khi cc gi nh khng

tha mn .
Gi thuyt : H : trung bnh ca hai tng th l nh nhau .
Hnh dng phn phi ca hai tng th phi ging nhau v
phng sai phi ng u.
Mann-Whitney c dng K gi thuyt v s ging nhau
ca 2 phn phi tng th (hay hai mu c lp phi xut pht
t hai tng th c phn phi ging nhau)
Kim nh ny khng i hi bin nghin cu phi l bin
khong cch m ch cn xp hng l
Ging nh kim nh Wilcoxon, thc hin K, trc ht cc
gi tr quan st t 2 mu c kt hp vi nhau v xp hng
t gi tr nh nht n gi tr ln nht. Trng hp ng hng
th c thay th bng hng trung bnh.

V d
Kho st tui th ca bng n trn hiu A v

hiu B, c 7 bng hiu A v 5 bng hiu B

c kho st v ghi li tui th ca chng

Trnh t tin hnh

Analyze/ Nonparametric tests/ 2 Independent

Samples
Chn bin cn kim tra vo Test variable

(tuoitho)
Chn bin dng phn chia nhm so snh
vo Grouping variable

Output

Nu c mu
nh hn 30
dng mc
xc sut
chnh xc
Exact Sig.

Tng hng v hng trung bnh

ca mi nhm

Exact Sig.= 0.048 <

0.05 .

IV-Kim nh Kruskal -Wallis

K Mann-Whitney c s dng xem xt s khc bit v

phn phi gia 2 tng th t cc d liu ca hai mu c lp

K s khc bit v phn phi gia ba (hay nhiu hn ba)
tng th t cc d liu mu ca chng, chng ta s dng
kim nh Mann-Whitney m rng, c tn l Kruskal-Wallis
V bn cht, K Kruskal-Wallis cng l phng php kim
nh tr trung bnh ca nhiu nhm tng th bng nhau hay
chnh l phng php phn tch ANOVA mt yu t m khng
i hi bt k gi nh no v phn phi chun ca tng th
Th tc tnh ton kim nh Kruskal-Wallis cng tng t nh
th tc kim nh Mann-Whitney
VD : Xem xt phn phi ca tui th bng n ca ba hiu
A,B,C c ging nhau hay khng Gi thuyt H

Trnh t thc hin

Analyze/ Nonparametric tests/ K independent

Samples
Tick vo Kruskal Wallis H trong phn Test Type
Chn bin cn kim nh. Chn bin phn nhm

Output

Nhm bng n B c hng ln nht

Sig. =0.04 < 0.05. Bc b H
KL : Tui th trung bnh ca bng

n cc hng l khc nhau v bng

n hng B c tui th ln nht.

V- Kim nh Chi-bnh phng mt

mu
K Chi-bnh phng c s dng kh ph bin

i vi bin nh tnh (phn loi)

Trong phn ny kim nh Chi-bnh phng c
xem xt d liu ph hp n mc no vi gi
thuyt v phn phi ca tng th
VD : Mt cng ty mun nghin cu cc v tai nn
lao ng c xy ra nh nhau vo cc ngy lm
vic trong tun hay l n c xu hng tng cao
vo cc ngy th hai v cc ngy cui tun
Gi thuyt
H : Kh nng xy ra tai nn lao ng vo cc ngy
lm vic trong tun l nh nhau

Trnh t thc hin

Analyze/ Nonparametric tests/ Chi-square
Get from data : mi biu hin ca bin nh

tnh c nh ngha nh mt nhm K

tnh ng u
Use specified range : Ch K trong gii hn
di v trn n nh
All categories equal : tt c cc nhm u c
tn s l thuyt bng nhau
Values : xc sut l thuyt ca cc nhm l
do ngi tiu dng ch nh

Output

Sig. = 0.023 < 0.05

KL : Kh nng xy ra tai nn ca cc ngy

trong tun l khc nhau v c nhiu kh nng
tai nn xy ra nhiu vo ngy th 2 v ngy
cui tun.

VI-Kim nh Kolmogorov-Sminov
Kolmogorov-Sminov test c s dng kim

nh gi thuyt phn phi ca d liu c ph

hp vi phn phi l thuyt hay khng. N tin
hnh xt cc sai lch tuyt i ln nht gia hai
ng phn phi tch ly thc nghim v l
thuyt, sai lch tuyt i cng ln, gi thuyt H
cng d b bac b
VD : Sau khi kim nh du trn file
dauphong, kim tra li gi thuyt xem liu gi
nh v phn phi chun ca tng th cc
chnh lch th nghim v u phng c ci
tin c tha mn hay khng.

Trnh t thc hin

Gi thuyt
H : Tng th c phn phi chun
K : Tng th khng c phn phi chun

Thc hin tnh chnh lch gia 2 nh gi v SP trc

v sau ci tin
Transform/ Compute
Analyze/ Nonparametric tests/ 1-Sample K-S
Chn bin cn kim nh
Chn phn phi cn kim nh
Normal : PP chun
Uniform : PP u
Poisson : PP Poisson
Exponention : PP m
Nhn OK.

Output

Sig.=0.232 >0.01 Chp nhn H Chnh

lch tng th c phn phi chun. Do , vic

p dng K trung bnh 2 mu phi hp tng
cp Paired samples t-test cho tnh hung ny
l ph hp v cho kt qu chnh xc hn K
phi tham s Sign test.

CHC CC BN
THNH CNG