Frequency-Gain Relation

Ideally, signals are amplified

from DC to the highest AC
(Voltage Gain)
frequency
Gd
Practically, bandwidth is limited 0.707Gd
741 family op-amp have an limit
bandwidth of few KHz.

Unity Gain frequency f1: the

gain at unity
Cutoff frequency fc: the gain
drop by 3dB from dc gain Gd

20log(0.707)=3dB

1
0

fc

f1
(frequency)

GB Product : f1 = Gd fc
9/7/16

Operational Amplifier

GB Product
Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp
having a unit gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage
differential gain Gd = 20V/mV
(Voltage Gain)

Sol:
Since f1 = 10 MHz

Gd
0.707Gd

? Hz

By using GB production equation

f1 = Gd fc
10MHz

fc = f1 / Gd = 10 MHz / 20 V/mV
= 10 106 / 20 103

= 500 Hz

fc

f1
(frequency)

9/7/16

Operational Amplifier

Ideal Op-Amp Applications

Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1) The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2) The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero
For ideal Op-Amp circuit:
(3) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting
terminal V+
(4) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(5) Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain
9/7/16

Operational Amplifier

Noninverting Amplifier
(1)

Kirchhoff node equation at V+

yields, V Vi

in

(2)

Kirchhoff node equation at V

yields, V 0 V Vo 0
Ra

(3)

Rf

Rf

Setting V+ = V yields
Vi Vi Vo

0
or
Ra
Rf

9/7/16

Ra

Rf
Vo
1
Vi
Ra

Operational Amplifier

v+

vi

v-

vo

R1

vo (1
v+
v-

Rf
Ra

R2

v-

)vi

vo

vo

Rf

Ra

Noninverting amplifier

Noninverting input with voltage divider

Rf
R2
vo (1
)(
)vi
Ra R1 R2
vi

v+

R1

R2

v-

vo

Rf

Rf

Voltage follower

vo vi

9/7/16

v+

Rf

Ra

vi

vi

Operational Amplifier

Less than unity gain

R2
vo
vi
R1 R2
6

Inverting Amplifier
Rf

(1) Kirchhoff node equation at

V+ yields,
V 0
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at
Vin V_ Vo V
V yields,

0
Ra
Rf

Ra

V ~
in

Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is

(3) Setting
R f V yields dependent upon the ratio of two resistors,
Vo V+ =

and is independent of the open-loop gain.

Vin
Ra
This is caused by the use of feedback output
voltage to subtract from the input voltage.
9/7/16

Operational Amplifier

Multiple Inputs
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at
V+ yields,
V 0

Va
Vb
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at Vc
V yields,
V_ Vo
Rf

Rf
Ra
Rb
Rc

V Va V Vb V Vc

0
Ra
Rb
Rc

c V
(3) Setting VV+a = V
Vb yields
Vc
j
Vo R f

R f
j a R j
Ra Rb Rc

9/7/16

Operational Amplifier

Inverting Integrator
Now replace resistors Ra and Rf by complex
components Za and Zf, respectively, therefore
Zf
Vo
Vin
Supposing
Za
(i) The feedback component is a capacitor C, in
i.e.,
1
Zf
j C
(ii) The input component
is a resistor R, Za = R
Therefore, the closed-loop gain (Vo/Vin) become:

Za

V ~

where

~
V
What happens if Z = 1/jC whereas, Z = R?
vi (t ) Vi e

Inverting differentiator

9/7/16

Operational Amplifier

j t

in

1
vo (t )
vi (t )dt

RC

Zf

Op-Amp Integrator

Example:

(a) Determine the rate of change

of the output voltage.

+5V
0

R
100s

(b) Draw the output waveform.

10 k

0.01F

V
Vo(max)=10 V

Solution:
(a) Rate of change of the output voltage
Vo
V
5V
i
t
RC (10 k)(0.01 F )
50 mV/ s

(b) In 100 s, the voltage decrease

Vo (50 mV/ s)(100s) 5V

9/7/16

Operational Amplifier

+5V
0

0
-5V
-10V

10

Op-Amp Differentiator
R
0

to

C
t1

t2

t1

to
dVi
RC
dt

vo

9/7/16

Operational Amplifier

11

t2

Non-ideal case

(Inverting Amplifier)

Rf
Ra

Vin ~

in

Equivalent Circuit
Rf
Ra

R
R
V
+ +

9/7/16

Vin

Zin

Practical op-amp

Zout

Vout

AVin

3 categories are considering

Close-Loop Voltage Gain

Input impedance
Output impedance

-AV

Operational Amplifier

12

Close-Loop Gain
Applied KCL at V terminal,
Vin V V Vo V

0
Ra
R
Rf
By using the open loop gain,

Rf

Ra

in

R R

+ +

Vo AV
Vin Vo
Vo
Vo
Vo

Ra ARa AR R f AR f

R R Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Vin Vo f
Ra

Ra

Rf

in

V R

ARa R R f

AR R f
Vo
Av

Vin R R f Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Operational Amplifier

-AV

The Close-Loop Gain, Av

9/7/16

13

Close-Loop Gain
When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,
Av ~

Rf
Ra

Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form

as an ideal case

9/7/16

Operational Amplifier

14

Input Impedance
Rf

Input Impedance can be regarded as,

Rin Ra R // R

where R is the equivalent impedance

of the red box circuit, that is
V
R
if
However, with the below circuit,
V ( AV ) i f ( R f Ro )
R

9/7/16

V R f Ro

if
1 A

Operational Amplifier

Ra

in

V R

+ +

-AV
R'

if
V

Rf
R
+

-AV
15

Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1
1 A
Rin Ra

R
R

R
f
o

Rin Ra

R ( R f Ro )
R f Ro (1 A) R

Since, R f Ro (1 A) R , Rin become,

Rin ~ Ra

( R f Ro )
(1 A)

Again with R f Ro (1 A)
Rin ~ Ra

Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from

input to output
9/7/16

Operational Amplifier

16

Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered,
i.e. Vi is assumed to be 0
Firstly, with figure (a),

Rf
Ra

Ra // R
Ra R
V
Vo V
Vo
R f Ra // R
Ra R f Ra R R f R

R
V

By using KCL, io = i1+ i2

Vo
V ( AV )
io
o
R f Ra // R f
Ro

io

+
-AV

By substitute the equation from Fig. (a),

The output impedance, Rout is
Ro ( Ra R f Ra R R f R )
Vo

io (1 Ro )( Ra R f Ra R R f R ) (1 A) Ra R

R and A comparably large,

Rout ~
9/7/16

Rf

V
Ra

i2

V
+

-AV

Ro ( Ra R f )
ARa

Operational Amplifier

(a)

i1

17

(b)