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Temu - 9

1) Weathering & erosion


2) Transport &
3) deposition

4) Lithification

SEDIMENTARY ROCK - Compacted and cemented accumulations of sediment, which


can be of two general types - clastic and chemical.
Clastic - composed of fragments of pre-existing rock that have been weathered,
eroded and transported by wind, water, ice, or mass movement to a site of
deposition.
Chemical -composed of minerals precipitated from water (usually ocean water) due to

Mechanical Weathering

Chemical Weathering

by Ice (Glaciers)

by Water

Distinguishing
Characteristics of Clastic
Sediments:
Grain Size particle size
reflects energy
(velocity) of the
transport and
depositional
system.

Distinguishing Characteristics of Clastic


Sediments

Sorting - Well-sorted sediment indicates prolonged reworking by wind or


water; poorly sorted sediment may indicate rapid deposition, or deposition by
ice or mass movement.

Angularity/Roundness and Shape Well rounded sediment also indicate


prolonged reworking by transporting agent; the shape of grains often
indicates the transport system, but also may be related to the type of
mineral or rock fragment

Distinguishing Characteristics of Clastic


Sediments Compositional Maturity - mature sediment contains only
Quartz and Clay and reflects prolonged weathering of the source rocks.
Immature sediment contains other minerals or rock fragments that may imply
mostly mechanical weathering in the source region and short transport
distance.

Detrital rocks sediment

transported as solid particles

Chemical rocks sediment from

ions that were once in solution

Clastic rocks
particles derived from the weathering and
erosion of precursor rocks and consist primarily
of fragmental material
classified by grain size and composition

Carbonates

Evaporites

precipitated by a variety of organic and


inorganic processes
evaporation of water at the Earth's surface

Chemical sedimentary rocks (chert,


jasperiod)

Detrital/Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks

Carbonate Sedimentary Rocks

conglomerates & breccias


sandstones
mudstones
limestones
dolostones

Other Sedimentary Rocks

evaporites
phosphates
organic-rich sedimentary rocks
cherts
volcaniclastic rocks

Constituents of detrital rocks can include

Clay minerals
Quartz
Feldspars
Micas

Particle size is used to distinguish among


the various types of detrital rocks

Mudrocks: grains less than .06 mm


1. Mud: small particles easily kept in suspension
Settles only in quiet water
Rock types include Shale: mud-sized particles
<.004 mm deposited in thin bedding layers called
laminae
The most common sedimentary rock
2. Larger mudrock grains called silts
silt-sized particles .004-.06 mm
Gritty grains can be felt

lamellae

Fossil Leaves Wilkes Barre, PA

Sandstones
Made of sand-sized particles .064 2 mm
Sand is a size!
Forms in a variety of environments
Sorting, angularity and composition of grains
can be used to interpret the rocks history
Quartz is the predominant mineral (due to its
durable nature)

Sandstone(notelargenumberofquartzgrains)

Classifying Sandstones

Photomicrographofquartzrichsandstone(Arenite)
Grains subangular to subrounded, sandstone is poorly sorted
Plagioclase grain

Making thin sections

Quartz Arenite >90% quartz grains

Beach and dune deposits

Arkoses >25% feldspar, angular, poor


sort.
Transform boundaries; exposed granites
Any felsic rock eroded, not transported far

Graywackes Quartz, feldspar, volcanics


Port sorted, angular
Erosion of Island Arcs
Rift Valley Sediments

Conglomerate and breccia

Both composed of particles > 2mm in


diameter
Conglomerate consists largely of
rounded clasts
Breccia is composed of large angular
particles

Notesharpangularclasts

Outcropofconglomerate
withcobblesizedclasts
interbeddedwithsandstone

Conglomerates are fastwater sediments


High Energy
K.E. = 1/2mv2
In fast water, smaller sizes
swept away

Coarse sediments are deposited in high


energy (fast water) environments such as
under breaking waves at the beach, or in
the beds of fast streams.

Fine sediments are deposited in low


energy environments, e.g. the slow water
of deep lagoons, the abyssal plain, etc.

Breccias: angular particles


Conglomerates: rounded particles
Sandstones
Quartz sandstone: dominated by quartz
grains
Arkose sandstone: composed of qtz & fsp
grains
Graywacke: dominated by lithic (rock)
fragments

Shales: mud and silt particles

Tahapan
pembentukan
perlapisan batuan

Tahapan
pembentukan
struktur silang siur

Tahapan
pembentukan
struktur bersusun
normal

Flute Cast

Load Cast

Current Ripple

Detrital Rocks
Lithic Fragments
Quartz
Clay Minerals
Fossil Fragments
Rust Minerals
Orthoclase
Muscovite / Biotite

Klasifikasi Batuan Sedimen Klastika

gravel
&
conglomerate

sand
&
sandstone

clay, silt
&
mudstone

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/siligsize.html#size

Porosity is the volume of voids within a


rock which can contain liquids.
Permeability is the ability of water or
other liquids (e.g. oil) to pass freely
through a rock.
Roundness refers to the roughness of the
surface of the sedimentary grain.
Sorting refers to the range of particle
sizes in a sediment or sedimentary rock.
Matrix is the fine-grained material
(usually clays or silt) that is deposited
originally with the coarser-grained material

Source (Provenance) of sediment


Erosion and Transport Agent
Depositional Environment
Paleogeography/ Tectonic Setting
Diagenesis
(what happened after deposition)

Compositio
n
What minerals
make up the rock?

Texture
What is the shape,
size and
orientation of the
mineral grains that
make up the rock?
Major Difference:
Crystalline vs.
Clastic

Detrital

Chemical

Organic
Clastic
Texture

Crystalline
Texture

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