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K.L.

E Societys
Dr. M. S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering
& Technology, Belagavi

Department of Civil Engineering

Earthquake Collapse
Patterns and their reasons
Seminar on :

By Pakjum Nyori
(M.Tech. IInd Sem Structural Engg.)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Kishore Kulkarni


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What is an Earthquake Collapse Pattern?


Geometric behavior of Structures under Earthquake.

a) Inadequate Shear strength

(b) Inadequate beam/column strength

(c) failure due to overturning

Classifications
ACCORDING TO REFERENCE 1

Unintended addition of
stiffness
Inadequate beam-column
joint strength
Tension/compression failures
Wall to roof interconnection
failure
Local column failure
Heavy floor collapse
Torsion effect
Soft storey collapse
Mid-storey collapse
Pounding

ACCORDING TO REFERENCE 3

Design deficiencies

Soft storey
Inefficient lateral stiffness
Short column
Strong beam weak column design
Confinement deficiencies
Irregularities etc

Construction defects
Bad workmanship
Poor quality control
Inefficient wrapping of stirrup etc

Deficiency in service life


Cut off or removed columns
Soft storey formation etc

SOME IMPORTANT COLLAPSE PATTERNS


Soft storey collapse :
IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 defines soft storey as one in
which lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in
the storey above.

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Fig: A soft storey

fig: The collapse of soft storey

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Fig: Collapsed soft storey

WHY ?

Large retail spaces


Significantly less stiffness/ rigidity

No Masonry infill walls

Confinement Deficiencies:
This is due to non ductile details not being well confined
to the transverse reinforcement(stirrups).
Deficient:

Fig:Confinement deficiency in column and


expected brittle damage in an earthquake

Fig: Damage pattern

Efficient:

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Fig: Effectively confined column and expected
ductile behaviour during earthquake

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Fig: Damage pattern
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Vertical irregularity:
May be due to changing column axes , removed
column.

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Fig : Changing column axe

2
Fig: Removed column

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Fig: Collapse pattern

Planar irregularity:

Fig: Irregular plan


Fig : Damage pattern
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Unintended addition of stiffness :


Reduced effective length of columns , thereby increasing
its stiffness in terms of lateral forces.

The column in this case attracts larger horizontal shear


forces than its capacity.
Since, Stiffness is proportional to applied force.

Local Column Failure :


Due to horizontal offset
or insufficient vertical
capacity.
Failed columns

Wall-to-roof interconnection failure :

Vertical support of roof is lost

Pounding :
Meaning heavy strike and Collapse due to this is
Pounding collapse.

Normally occurs when two adjacent buildings have floors that are at different
elevation.

Some Main reasons for all these collapse :


High water-cement ratio.
Insufficient curing condition.
Low fine aggregate content.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Basic measures to reduce the extent of collapse :
Reinforcement must undergo large plastic deformation.
Correct mix design of concrete.
Strong column Weak beam concept.

Ductile Behaviour of structure is preferable , achieved in accordance with regulations


(Indian code of practice for ductile detailing is IS 13920:1993)

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BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY STRUCTURES


(Reference 4)
Usually subjected to vertical loads

Adequate compressive strength

Most vulnerable during an earthquake


Develops shear and flexural stresses due to lateral loads

Poor bond between brick and mortar

Brick-in-cement-mortar responds better than stone and mortar


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Cement blocks

No collapse
but extensive
cracks below
lintel

Continuous lintel
band
Corner RC columns

Location: Samakhayali

Walls below
lintel band
suffered out
of plane
failure and
the lintel
band also
had come
down

CPWD built
Lintel Bands
Corner reinforcement

Location: Bhuj
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Behaved well
with very
little crack

Well dressed stone


masonry
cement mortar
light ferrocement
roofing

Location: Khavda

Portion
above lintel
intact

Cement blocks
Lintel bands
Corner columns

Location: Bachau

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OBSERVATIONS
Masonry buildings in mud mortar or lime mortar are prone to
severe damage due to lack of bond strength.
Masonry with cement mortar behaves better.
Use of lintel band introduces a rigid box-like behaviour.
Properly bonded corner reinforcement with the surrounding
masonry prevents separation.

Suggestions for earthquake resistant masonry


Horizontal bands proved helpful.
Containment reinforcement.

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References:
1. Reinforced concrete design of tall buildings(textbook) by Bungale S.
Taranath, Ph.D. 2010.
2. classifications of structural types and damage patterns of buildings for
earthquake field investigation. shigeyuki OKADA and nobuo TAKAI.
Sapporo, Japan.
3. The Reasons and Results of earthquake damages in Reinforced Concrete
Buildings. Z. Canan Girgin and D. Gunes Yilmaz.YTU Turkey.
4.
5.

Behavior of masonry structures during the Bhuj Earthquake 2001.K S


Jagadish, S Raghunath and K S Nanjunda Rao. September 2003.
Observations from the Bhuj Earthquake of January 26 2001 By

S.K. Ghosh, Ph. D. President S.K. Ghosh Associates Inc. Northbrook, IL.

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THANK YOU

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