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Dr. M. S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering
& Technology, Belagavi
Earthquake Collapse
Patterns and their reasons
Seminar on :
By Pakjum Nyori
(M.Tech. IInd Sem Structural Engg.)
Classifications
ACCORDING TO REFERENCE 1
Unintended addition of
stiffness
Inadequate beam-column
joint strength
Tension/compression failures
Wall to roof interconnection
failure
Local column failure
Heavy floor collapse
Torsion effect
Soft storey collapse
Mid-storey collapse
Pounding
ACCORDING TO REFERENCE 3
Design deficiencies
Soft storey
Inefficient lateral stiffness
Short column
Strong beam weak column design
Confinement deficiencies
Irregularities etc
Construction defects
Bad workmanship
Poor quality control
Inefficient wrapping of stirrup etc
1
Fig: A soft storey
3
Fig: Collapsed soft storey
WHY ?
Confinement Deficiencies:
This is due to non ductile details not being well confined
to the transverse reinforcement(stirrups).
Deficient:
Efficient:
4
Fig: Effectively confined column and expected
ductile behaviour during earthquake
6
Fig: Damage pattern
5
Vertical irregularity:
May be due to changing column axes , removed
column.
1
Fig : Changing column axe
2
Fig: Removed column
3
Fig: Collapse pattern
Planar irregularity:
Pounding :
Meaning heavy strike and Collapse due to this is
Pounding collapse.
Normally occurs when two adjacent buildings have floors that are at different
elevation.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Basic measures to reduce the extent of collapse :
Reinforcement must undergo large plastic deformation.
Correct mix design of concrete.
Strong column Weak beam concept.
10
Cement blocks
No collapse
but extensive
cracks below
lintel
Continuous lintel
band
Corner RC columns
Location: Samakhayali
Walls below
lintel band
suffered out
of plane
failure and
the lintel
band also
had come
down
CPWD built
Lintel Bands
Corner reinforcement
Location: Bhuj
12
Behaved well
with very
little crack
Location: Khavda
Portion
above lintel
intact
Cement blocks
Lintel bands
Corner columns
Location: Bachau
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OBSERVATIONS
Masonry buildings in mud mortar or lime mortar are prone to
severe damage due to lack of bond strength.
Masonry with cement mortar behaves better.
Use of lintel band introduces a rigid box-like behaviour.
Properly bonded corner reinforcement with the surrounding
masonry prevents separation.
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References:
1. Reinforced concrete design of tall buildings(textbook) by Bungale S.
Taranath, Ph.D. 2010.
2. classifications of structural types and damage patterns of buildings for
earthquake field investigation. shigeyuki OKADA and nobuo TAKAI.
Sapporo, Japan.
3. The Reasons and Results of earthquake damages in Reinforced Concrete
Buildings. Z. Canan Girgin and D. Gunes Yilmaz.YTU Turkey.
4.
5.
S.K. Ghosh, Ph. D. President S.K. Ghosh Associates Inc. Northbrook, IL.
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THANK YOU
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