Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MATERIALS
Fabrication aspects of
Cold / hot forming of
tubes and pipes
Gr22
415
205
80.9
47.7
23.5
Gr91
585
415
126
107
65
28.9
Gr92
620
441
138
126
82
38.6
304
515
205
99.3
93.3
65.4
41.7
Maximum Design
Temperature for different
materials as per IBR
Type of Material
Maximum design
temperature in deg C
Gr22
649
Gr91
649
Gr92
649
TP304
816
Intercritical Heat.
NORMALIZING RANGE
Lower Critical Temperature
(Chemistry Dependent)
TEMPER
730-770C
200-400C
PWHT
WELD
<150C
INTERCRITICAL
"No-Man's Land"
TEMPERING RANGE
730-780C
NORMALIZE
TEMPERATURE
1040-1090C
<150C
TIME
Inadequate time
- Incomplete solutionization of carbides
Under Tempering?
Temperatures below the specified minimum for tempering
will result in under tempering.
The hardness will not be reduced sufficiently increasing
risk of brittle fracture and stress corrosion cracking.
The creep strength of the material will not be fully
developed.
Where
Rf = mean radius after forming;
Ro = original mean radius (equal to infinity for a flat plate)
t = nominal thickness of the plate, pipe, or tube before forming
Added in ASME 2010 Edition
PG-19.1 When the forming strains cannot be calculated as shown
in PG-19, the manufacturer shall have the responsibility to
determine the maximum forming strain.
PG-19.2 For flares, swages, or upsets, heat treatment in
accordance with Table PG-19 shall apply, regardless of the
TABLE PG 19 ASME
Grade
UNS No.
Design
Temp
Exceeding
Deg C
91
K9090 540
1
540
92
K9246 540
0
540
But
Deg C
And
Forming
Strain
Design Temp
Exceeding
Deg C
And
Forming
Strains
600 >25
%
600
600 >5%
to
25
%
600
>5%
Post-bend heat
to
treatment [Note
20% (2)][Note (4)]
600 >25
%
600
600 >5%
to
25
%
600
>5%
Post-bend heat
to
treatment [Note
20% (2)][Note (4)]
TABLE PG 19 ASME
GENERAL NOTE: The limits shown are for cylinders formed from
plates, spherical or dished heads formed from plate, and tube
and pipe bends. The forming strain limits tabulated in the table
shall be divided by two if PG-19.1 is applied. For any material
formed at 1,300F (705C) or above, and for cold swages, flares,
or upsets, normalizing and tempering is required regardless of
the amount of strain.
NOTES:
(1)Normalization and tempering shall be performed in accordance
with the requirements in the base material specification, and
shall not be performed locally. The material shall either be heat
treated in its entirety, or the cold strained area (including the
transition to the unstrained portion) shall be cut away from the
balance of the tube or component and heat treated separately or
replaced.
Normalizing temperature shall be
(2) Post bend heat treatments shall be performed at 1,350F to
1,425F (730C to 775C) for 1 hr/in. (1 hr/25 mm) or 30 min
minimum. Alternatively, a normalization and temper in
accordance with the requirements in the base material
TABLE PG 19 ASME
(3)
For materials with greater than 5% strain but less than or
equal to 25% strain with design temperatures less than or
equal to 1,115F (600C), if a portion of the component is
heated above the heat treatment temperature allowed
above, one of the following actions shall be performed:
(a) The component in its entirety must be renormalized
and tempered.
(b) The allowable stress shall be that for Grade 9 material
(i.e., SA-213 T9, SA-335 P9, or equivalent product
specification) at the design temperature, provided that
portion of the component that was heated to a
temperature exceeding the maximum holding temperature
is subjected to a final heat treatment within the
temperature range and for the time required in Note (2)
above. The use of this provision shall be noted on the
Manufacturers Data Report.
(4)
Forming methods
Hot Pressing
Squeezing
sizing
Hot Bending
Hot adjustment to shape
Cold Pressing
Swaging
Pointing
Squeezing
Sizing
Cold Bending
Pressing
Bending machines
Bending machines
Squeezing operation
Squeezing is
bending of tight
radius bends
which is R/D
<=1 where R is
the bending
radius and D is
the Nominal
Diameter of the
tube.
Pointing operation
Thank You