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experimentais
10
10
1012
experimental
10
10
The
devices cover the frequency range
-4 -1011 Hz.de domnio do tempo
Espectrmetro
10
Analisador de resposta de frequncia
Pontes AC
Reflectmetros
Circuitos de ressonncia
In these devices, a
voltage step Vo is applied
to the sample placed
between the plates of a
plane parallel capacitor,
and the current I(t) is
recorded.
I(t)
I (t )
d (t )
Co
Vo
dt
eo S eo R 2
Co
d
d
d (t )
I (t )
dt
eo S Eo
1
(t )
I (t ')dt '
Co Vo 0
d (t ) 1
dt
2
( ) exp(it )d
*()
(t)
d (t )
( )
exp(it ) dt
dt
0
*
Complex Dielectric
Function
Time Dependent
Dielectric Functio
The
When the null detector of the bridge is at its minimum value (as
close as possible to zero), the equations of the balanced bridge
provide the values of the capacitance and loss factor (or
conductivity) for the test sample
V
V
V
1
2
1
2
calculated as
Zs
R
Is
V2
V1 V2 V1 V2
Zs
R
Is
V2
Conductivity
Reflection coefficient
r *( x)
*
refl
*
inc
( x)
U ( x)
reflected voltage
Incoming voltage
2
r (l ) r (0) exp
i
*
Reflection
at the beginning
of the line
2 n "
2 n '
; =
Propagati
on
coefficient
Attenuation
coefficient
1 r (l )
Z ( ) Z 0
*
1 r (l )
*
s
IMMITTANCE ANALYSIS
Basic Immittance Functions
electrical
impedance and
admittance are the
appropriate functions to
represent the response of
the corresponding
equivalent circuits.
M ( )
*
Y Z
*
* 1
* 1
Y * i
Co *
M i
Co Z
*
tan=/
C 1 = C o
= RC2
C2 = (o-) Co
o is a d.c. conductivity.
Disadvantages:
Better
Require
separation of
processes
Processes
are
narrower than in
frequency domain
numerical
evaluation of the
spectrum.
No
physical sense
'
"
4
3
10
-1
10
-2
2
10
-2
10
10
10
10
f, Hz
1,0
0,8
L(ln )
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
-6
-4
-2
log
1-={0,5 1}
high frequencies
Low frequencie
The corresponding
equivalent circuit is:
"( )
sec h mln FK
"
max
o
"( ) 2 max
"
1 o
2m
Assuming an Arrhenius
dependency of the relaxation
time with the temperature, it
is possible to express the FK
equation as a T function.
a=1-
However,
For
high frequencies
Low frequencie
Characteristic maximum
maximum
max CD
high frequencies
Low frequencie
m et
Asym
Depressed
(1-)
ric
high frequencies
Low frequencie
KWW Model
KWW - Model
The
For
The
T
T
Tp,tp
E=Eo
Tf
Tw,td
E=0
Tf
Tp,tp
E=Eo
h (C/min)
h (C/min)
To
To
Eo
Eo
0
I (A)
-12
10
1E-12
1E-13
10
-13
100
150
200
250
T, K
300
350
1E-14
Thermostimulated
depolarization currents is a
complementary technique for the evaluation of
the dielectric properties.
Its
Could
Its
*
*
n
O
"
0.1
F
0.01
10
-1
10
10
10
10
10
f, Hz
10
10
10
10
10
DC
j vac
1 j
1
2
1 j 2
1 2
Summary
Experimental techniques:
Time domain
Frequency domain:
Frequency
Complex
Summary
M ( )
Immitance
Y Z
Electric
* 1
Functions:
Modulus
Permittivity
Impedance
Admitance
Y i
Co
*
M i
Co Z
*
Summary
Fitting of the
experimental data
Symmetric relaxation
broader than Debye
relaxation:
Cole-Cole equation
Fouss Kirkwood
Asymmetric relaxation:
Cole-Davison
Asymmetric and
broader relaxations:
Havriliak-Negami
KWW
Summary
Another
fitting procedures:
Equivalent circuits
Wheaston bridge
Z1=1/Y1
Z2=1/Y2
Z3=1/Y3
Z4=1/Y4
a.c.signal generator