TRANSPOSITION TE

CHNIQUES
ROLL NO.

NAME

16

HETANSH BHARAD

34

SUKANTA PATRA

INDEX
PAGE

TOPICS

1.

RAIL FENCE TECHNIQUE

2.

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

3.

STEGANOGRAPHY

PAGE NO.

STEGANOGRAP
HY

Steganography
WhatisSteganography?

defn:
theartandscienceof
hidinginformationby
embeddingitinsome
cryptographyrendermessageunintelligible
otherdata.
steganographyconcealtheexistenceofthemessage

STEGANOGRAPHY VS CRYPTOGRAPHY

Steganography can be viewed as akin to cryptography.

Both have been used throughout recorded history as
means to protect information. At times these two
technologies seem to converge while the objectives of
the two differ.
Cryptographic techniques "scramble" messages so if
intercepted, the messages cannot be understood.
Steganography, an essence, "camouflages" a message
to hide its existence and make it seem "invisible" thus
concealing the fact that a message is being sent
altogether. An encrypted message may draw suspicion
while an invisible message will not.
Steganography cannot be detected. Therefore, it is
used when encryption is not permitted. Or, more
commonly, steganography is used to supplement
encryption. An encrypted file may still hide information

EVOLUTION OF
STEGANOGRAPHY
INVISIBLE INK : An innocent letter may contain a very
different message written between the lines with invisible
ink. Common sources for invisible inks are milk, vinegar, fruit
juices and urine. All of these darken when heated. Later on,
more sophisticated inks were developed which react to
various chemicals.
MICRODOTS: The Germans developed microdot
technology. Microdots are photographs the size of a
printed period having the clarity of standard-sized
typewritten pages. The first microdots were discovered
masquerading as a period on a typed envelope carried by
a German agent in 1941. The message was not hidden, nor
encrypted. It was just so small as to not draw attention to
itself (for a while). Besides being so small, microdots

Steganography
info

info

file
embed

extract

Thecoverprovidesahostfortransportingthehiddeninfo.

AN EXAMPLE

Fishing freshwater bends and saltwater coasts rewards anyone feeling

stressed. Resourceful anglers usually find masterful leapers fun and a
dmit swordfish rank overwhelming anyday.
Send lawyers guns and money

Most communication channels like telephone lines and radio broadcas

ts transmit signals which are always accompanied by some kind of noi
se. This noise can be replaced by a secret signal that has been transfor
med into a form that is indistinguishable from noise without knowledg
e of a secret key and this way, the secret signal can be transmitted un
detectable.

DISSECTING STEGANOGR
APHY
Steganography is a term used for hiding
messages within an image. Any color pixel is made
of a combination of red green-blue mode(RGB)
wherein each RGB component consist of 8 bits. If
letters in ASCII are to be represented within the
color pixels, the rightmost digit, called the least
significant bit (LSB), can be altered.
Any variation in the value of this bit leads to very
minimal variation in color. If we have to hide the
word digit in the image, we take the LSB of every
color and hide each bit of the word in its RGB
combination.
To insert the letter D we modify three color
pixels with three bits in each color pixel, we utilize

DISSECTING STEGANOGRAPHY..

00000000 11111111
CHARACTER CODE

10101010

01010100 01010100
10101010
D-01000100
01010100 01010100
G-01100111
I-01101001
T-01110100

ASCII

I-01101001

MSB

AMOUNT OF DATA STORED INSIDE A PICTURE

DISSECTING
STEGANOGRAPHY
Suppose we have a 24-bit image 1024 x 768 (this is a
common resolution for satellite images, electronic astral
photographs and other high resolution graphics). This
may produce a file over 2 megabytes in size
(1024x768x24/8 = 2,359,296 bits). All color variations
are derived from three primary colors, Red, Green and
Blue. Each primary color is represented by 1 byte (8
bits). 24-bit images use 3 bytes per pixel. If information
is stored in the least significant bit (LSB) of each byte, 3
bits can be a stored in each pixel. The "container"
image will look identical to the human eye, even if
viewing the picture side by side with the original.

STEPS FOR HIDING AN IM

AGE USING STEGANOGRA
PHY
Start s-tool and window explorer using the later as drag
and drop interface the software.
Drag and drop the image to be used as the carrier file from the
explorer onto the actions window in s-tool.
Drag and drop the data file on the carrier file.
Give pass phrase and encryption
prompted. Pass these to receiver too.

algorithm

when

The hidden file is ready. Receiver has to click on the reveal

button to
extract the data.

SOME OUTSTANDING FAC

TS
1. steganos security suite 4 uses powerful 128-bit encryption.
It would take 1 billion powerful computers million of years to try
every combination to gain access to your personal information. this
software uses steganography along with encryption to completely
secure your data.

2. Blindside is an application of steganography that allows you to

conceal a single file or set of files within a standard computer image.
The new image looks identical to the original, but can contain up to
50k of data. The hidden files can also be password encrypted to
prevent unauthorized access.

3. Mp3stego hides information in mp3 files during the compression

process. The data is first compressed, encrypted and then hidden in
the mp3 bit stream. Although mp3stego was written with
steganographic applications in mind, it can also be used as a

ADVANTAGES OF STEGA
NOGRAPHY

It
can
be
used
for
safeguarding data, such as in the
field of media where copywriting
ensures authenticity.
It can be used by intelligence
agencies for sending their secret
data.

DISADVANTAGE OF STEGANOGRA
PHY

Many a terrorist and anti

humanist activities have been
carried out cloaked under this
technique. The most famous
and recent attack recorded
was the 9/11 attack on the
Twin towers.

RAIL FENCE
TRANSPOSITION

RAIL FENCE TRANSPOSITION

1. The rail fence cipher is an easy to apply trans
position cipher that jumbles up the order of t
he letters of a message in a quick convenient
way. It also has the security of a key to make i
t a little bit harder to break
2. The Rail Fence cipher works by writing your m
essage on alternate lines across the page, and
then reading off each line in turn. For exampl
e, the plaintext "defend the east wall" is writte
n as shown below, with all spaces removed.

The simplest Rail Fence Cipher, where each letter is written i

n a zigzag pattern across the page.
The cipher-text is then read off by writing the top row first, f
ollowed by the bottom row, to get "DFNTEATALEEDHESWL".

ENCRYPTION

To encrypt a message using the Rail Fence Cipher, you hav

e to write your message in zigzag lines across the page, an
d then read off each row. Firstly, you need to have a key,
which for this cipher is the number of rows you are going
to have. You then start writing the letters of the plaintext
diagonally down to the right until you reach the number o
f rows specified by the key. You then bounce back up diag
onally until you hit the first row again. This continues until
the
end
of
the
plaintext.

For the plaintext we used above, "defend the east wall", with a
key of 3, we get the encryption process shown below.

The Rail Fence Cipher with a key of 3. Notice the nulls added a
t the end of the message to make it the right length.

Note that at the end of the message we have inserte

d two "X"s. These are called nulls, and act as placeho
lders. We do this to make the message fit neatly in to
the grid (so that there are the same number of letter
s on the top row, as on the bottom row. Although no
t necessary, it makes the decryption process a lot ea
sier
if
the
message
has
this
layout.
The cipher-text is read off row by row to get "DNETLE
EDHESWLXFTAAX".

DECRYPTION

The decryption process for the Rail Fence Cipher involves r

econstructing the diagonal grid used to encrypt the messa
ge. We start writing the message, but leaving a dash in pla
ce of the spaces yet to be occupied. Gradually, you can re
place all the dashes with the corresponding letters, and re
ad
off
the
plaintext
from
the
table.

We start by making a grid with as many rows as the key is, an

d as many columns as the length of the cipher-text. We then
place the first letter in the top left square, and dashes diagon
ally downwards where the letters will be. When we get back t
o the top row, we place the next letter in the cipher-text. Con
tinue like this across the row, and start the next row when yo
u reach the end.
For example, if you receive the cipher-text "TEKOOHRACIRMN
REATANFTETYTGHH", encrypted with a key of 4, you start by p
lacing the "T" in the first square. You then dash the diagonal
down spaces until you get back to the top row, and place the
"E" here. Continuing to fill the top row you get the pattern b
elow.

The first row of the decryption process for the Rail Fence Cip
her. We have a table with 4 rows because the key is 4, and 28
columns as the cipher-text has length 28.

Continuing this row-by-row, we get the successive stages

The second stage in the decryption process.

The third stage in the decryption process.

The fourth and final stage in the decryption process.

From this we can now read the plaintext off following the diago
nals to get "they are attacking from the north".

Example:Entering data and Encrypting it.

Decrypting the data.

SIMPLE COLUM
NAR TRANSPOS
ITION

Columnar Transposition

A Columnar Transposition is a more complex sch

eme would be to write the message in rectangula
r form, row by row, and then to read the charact
ers column by column.

The number of columns is the key information.

To encipher : Plaintext is written horizontally in k columns,

and is then transcribed vertically column- by-column.

To decipher : Suppose that the length of the ciphertext is n

and the key is k . Then the letters will fill n DIV k full row
s, and there will be one partial row at the end with n MO
D k letters. Transcribing row-by-row will then yield the
plaintext.

Example: Encrypt NOTHING

IN
THE
WORLD
IS MORE
DANG
EROUS
THAN
SINCERE
IGNORA
NCE
AND CONSCIENTIOUS
STUPI
DITY with a key of k = 9 column
s.

Solution: We write the plaintext

horizontally in 9 columns as fo
llows:

The cipher text is therefore: NTS

ES NDTIO HMRIO CIDTE OONRO OIHWR
UCANU TIOES ENSSY NRDTR CCSGL
AHEEI TIDNA
IAEUN
IGNGN
N
P.

Example: Suppose the ciphertext is: GPSDO AILTI VRVAA

WETEC NITHM EDLHE TALEA ONME. If it is known that the key is k
= 7, find the plaintext.
Solution: There are 39 letters in the ciphertext which means
that there are 39 DIV 7 = 5 full rows and one partial row
with 39 MOD 7 = 4 letters.
g
p
s
d
o
a

i
l
t
i
v
r

v
a
a
w
e
t

e
c
n
i
t
h

m
e
d
l
h

e
t
a
l
e

a
o
n
m
e

Plaintext: give me a place to stand and i will move the earth

Keyword Columnar Trans

position
The order of transcription
of the columns is determine
d by the alphabetical order
of letters in the keyword. If
there are repeated letters in
the keyword, the columns c
orresponding to those letter
s are transcribed in order
left-to-right.

Example: Encrypt THE

QU
ICK
BROWN
FOX
JUMP
ED
OVER
THE
LAZY
D
OG
if the keyword is CORN
EIL.

Ciphertext: TKODE
YINPT DCFEH
ZHBXO
LERJV A

GUWMR
OQOUE

Cryptanalysis of a Columnar Transp

osition
For a simple columnar transposition, cryptanalysis is relatively direct.
Attempt to decipher with various numbers of columns until intelligible
plaintext appears.
Example: Cryptanalysis the following:
LAEST HWAOB ANHED MIEAO TLWOA ESUEN CAETU
LDIVT IAUSE ILADE TMOCI OREHP SCSTC
DROTS
EOHVN
Note that there are n = 75 letters.
Solution: If k = 2 we have
L
A
E

V
T
I
SA
TU
..
..

If k =
3 we
have
L
E T
A
M
and so the Splaintext
is LETASMEUOSECTNI ....
E
U
O
S
E
C
T
N
I

k
=

And so the plaintext is

LOVEATTHELIPSWASTOUC....

If we continue the decry

ption, we find
... ... ... ..

Love at the lips was touch

As sweet as I could bear;
And once that seemed too
much; I lived on air
-Robert Frost (from To
Earthward )

H
W
A
O
B
A
N
H
E
D
M
I
E
A

A S
E E
S I
U L
E A
N D
C E
A T
E M
T O

S
T
C
D
R
O
T
S
E

REFERENCES
WWW.STUDYMAFIA.ORG
IMAGES FROM 'SPY VS SPY' FROM MAD MAGAZINE
ANTONIO PROHIAS
WWW.WIKIPEDIA.ORG
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&
source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwir
-5inzaDOAhXLPI8KHem6DMkQjRwIBw&url=http%3A%2
F%2Fwww.topinfopost.com%2F2014%2F02%2F26%2F7
5-top-professors-and-leading-scientists-claim-911-was-insi
de-job&psig=AFQjCNFuJrqAFKM3gCESzjOIQS-iJxOeIA&
ust=1470153737369578

REFERENCES
FROM TO EARTHWARD- ROBERT FROST
http://stat.math.uregina.ca/~kozdron/Teaching/Cor
nell/135Summer06/Handouts/transposition.pdf

THANK YOU!!!