Chapter4

Bandpass Signalling
Definitions
Complex Envelope Representation
Representation of Modulated Signals
Spectrum of Bandpass Signals
Power of Bandpass Signals
Examples
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng360 Communication Systems I
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University

Bandpass Signals
Energy spectrum of a bandpass signal is
concentrated around the carrier frequency fc.
Bandpass Signal Spectrum

A time portion of a bandpass signal. Notice the carrier and the baseband envelope.

Time Waveform of
Bandpass Signal

DEFINITIONS
The Bandpass communication signal is obtained by modulating a baseband analog
or digital signal onto a carrier.
Definitions:
A baseband waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero for frequencies in
the vicinity of the origin ( f=0) and negligible elsewhere.
A bandpass waveform has a spectral magnitude that is nonzero for frequencies in
some band concentrated about a frequency f f c where fc>>0. fc-Carrier frequency
Modulation is process of imparting the source information onto a bandpass signal
with a carrier frequency fc by the introduction of amplitude or phase perturbations or
both.
This bandpass signal is called the modulated signal s(t), and the baseband source
signal is called the modulating signal m(t).
Information
Signal g (t )
input
processing
m

Carrier
circuits

s (t )

Transmission
medium
(channel)

r (t )

Communication System

Carrier
circuits

g~ (t )

Signal
processing

~
m

Complex Envelope Representation

The waveforms g(t) , x(t), R(t), and t are all baseband waveforms. Additionally all of
them except g(t) are real and g(t) is the Complex Envelope.

g (t ) x(t ) jy (t ) g (t ) e

jg ( t )

R (t )e

j t

g(t) is the Complex Envelope of v(t)

x(t) is said to be the In-phase modulation associated with v(t)
y(t) is said to be the Quadrature modulation associated with v(t)
R(t) is said to be the Amplitude modulation (AM) on v(t)
(t) is said to be the Phase modulation (PM) on v(t)
In communications, frequencies in the baseband signal g(t) are said to be heterodyned up to fc
THEOREM: Any physical bandpass waveform v(t) can be represented as below
where fc is the CARRIER frequency and c=2 fc

v t Re g t e jct R t cos ct t
=x t cos c t y t sin ct

Generalized transmitter using the AMPM generation

technique.

Generalized transmitter using the quadrature

generation technique.

Complex Envelope Representation

THEOREM: Any physical bandpass waveform v(t) can be represented by

v t Re g t e jct

where fc is the CARRIER frequency and c=2 fc

PROOF: Any physical waveform may be represented by the Complex Fourier Series

v(t )

cn e jn0t

0 2 / T0

*
The physical waveform is real, c n cn and using Re

1
1 *
,
2
2

Thus we have:

v t Re c0 2 cn e jn0 t
n 1

cn - negligible magnitudes for n in the vicinity of 0 and, in particular, c0=0

Introducing an arbitrary parameter fc , we get
n j n0 c t jc t
jc t
v t Re g (t )e Re 2 cn e
e

n 1

g (t ) 2 cn e j ( n0 c )t
n 1

v(t) bandpass waveform with non-zero spectrum concentrated near f=fc

=> cn non-zero for n in the range nf 0 f c
=> g(t) has a spectrum concentrated near f=0 (i.e., g(t) - baseband waveform)

Complex Envelope Representation

Equivalent representations of the Bandpass signals:

v t Re g t e jct R t cos ct t
v t x t cos ct y t sin ct

Envelope and Phase form

Inphase and Quadrature (IQ) form

g t x t jy t g (t ) e jg (t ) R (t )e j (t )

Complex Envelope of v(t )

Converting from one form to the other form

x t Re g t R (t ) cos (t )
y t Im g t R (t ) sin (t )

R t g (t ) x 2 (t ) y 2 (t )
y (t )
(t ) g (t ) tan 1 (
)
x (t )

Inphase and Quadrature (IQ) Components.

Envelope and Phase Components

Complex Envelope Representation

The complex envelope resulting from x(t) being a computer generated voice signal and
y(t) being a sinusoid. The spectrum of the bandpass signal generated from above signal.

Representation of Modulated Signals

Modulation is the process of encoding the source information m(t) into a
bandpass signal s(t). Modulated signal is just a special application of the bandpass
representation. The modulated signal is given by:

s t Re g (t )e jct

c 2 f c

The complex envelope g(t) is a function of the modulating signal m(t) and is given

by: g(t)=g[m(t)] where g[ ] performs a mapping operation on m(t).

The g[m] functions that are easy to implement and that will give desirable spectral
properties for different modulations are given by the TABLE 4.1
At receiver the inverse function m[g] will be implemented to recover the message.
Mapping should suppress as much noise as possible during the recovery.

Bandpass Signal Conversion

On off Keying (Amplitude Modulation) of a unipolar line coded

signal for bandpass conversion.
Xn

1
2

g (t )

0
Ac 2

s (t )
Ac 2

s (t )
Xn

Unipolar
Line Coder
cos(ct)

g(t)

Ac

Bandpass Signal Conversion

Binary Phase Shift keying (Phase Modulation) of a polar line

code for bandpass conversion.
Xn

1
2

g (t )
2
Ac 2

s (t )
Ac 2

s (t )
Xn

Polar
Line Coder
cos(ct)

g(t)

Ac

Mapping Functions for Various Modulations

Envelope and Phase for Various Modulations

Spectrum of Bandpass Signals

Theorem: If bandpass waveform is represented by

Spectrum of Bandpass Signal V ( f )

Where

is PSD of g(t)

v t Re g t e jct

Thus,
Using
We get,

1
1
g (t )e jct g * (t )e jct
2
2

V ( f ) F v t

1
1
F g t e j c t F g * t e j c t
2
2

F g * t G* f

V( f )

1
G f f c G* f f c
2

1
Pv ( f ) Pg f f c Pg f f c
4

PSD of Bandpass Signal

Proof:

v t Re g (t )e jct

and the frequency translation property:

1
G f - f c G * - f f c
2

PSD of Bandpass Signals

PSD is obtained by first evaluating the autocorrelation for v(t):

Rv v t v t Re g t e jct Re g t e jc t

Using the identity Re c2 Re c1 1 Re c2*c1 1 Re c2 c1

2

where
We get

Rv

c2 g (t )e jct and c1 g t e jc t

1
j t
Re g * t g t e jct e c
2
,

1
j t
Re g t g t e jct e c
2

- Linear operators

j
*
=>Rv Re g t g t e
2
or

12 Re

1
Rv Re g * t g t e jc
2

g t g t e j 2ct e jc

f c frequencies in g(t)

1
Re g t g t e j 2ct e jc
2

but g * t g t Rg

1
c
2
f f c Pg* f f c

AC reduces to Rv Re Rg e j
1

PSD => Pv ( f ) F Rv Pg
4

Pg* Pg f

Evaluation of Power
Theorem: Total average normalized power of a bandpass waveform v(t) is

Pv v t

Pv f df Rv 0

Proof:

Pv v t
2

1
g t
2

P f df
v

But

Rv F Pv f

So,

Rv 0

P fe
v

j 2 f

df

P f df
v

Rv 0

1
1
Re Rg 0 Re g * t g t 0
2
2

or

Rv 0

1
Re
2

g t

But g t is always real

So,

Rv 0

1
g t
2

Since Rv Re Rg e jc
2

Example : Amplitude-Modulated Signal

Evaluate the magnitude spectrum for an AM signal:
Complex envelope of an AM signal:
Spectrum of the complex envelope:

g t Ac 1 m t
G f Ac f Ac M f

AM signal waveform: s t Re g (t )e jct Ac 1 m t cos c t

AM spectrum:

S f

G f fc

Magnitude spectrum:

1
G f - f c G * - f f c
2
f M f Because m(t ) is real and f f

S( f )
M*

1
Ac f f c M f f c f f c M f f c
2

S f

and G * f f c

do not overlap

1
1
f f
f f ,
A

A
M

2 c
c 2 c
c

1
1
A f f A M f f ,
c 2 c
c
2 c

f 0
f 0

Example : Amplitude-Modulated Signal

Spectrum of AM signal.

Example : Amplitude-Modulated Signal

Total average power:
2
2
1
1 2
Ps
g t Ac 1 m t
2
2
1 2
Ac 1 2m t m 2 t
2
1 2
Ac 1 2 m t m 2 t
2
1 2
Ac 1 m 2 t
If DC value of m(t ) is zero
2
1 2
1 2 1 2
Ac 1 Pm Ac Ac Pm Pc PSideband
2
2
2
Carrier Power Sideband Power Where Pm m 2 t

Study Examples
SA4-1.Voltage spectrum of an AM signal
Properties of the AM signal are:
g(t)=Ac[1+m(t)]; Ac=500 V; m(t)=0.8sin(21000t);

m t 0.8sin 2 1000t

fc=1150 kHz;

0.8 j 2 1000t
e
e j 2 1000 t
j2

Fourier transform of m(t): M f j 0.4 f 1000 j 0.4 f 1000

Spectrum of AM signal: S f 1 Ac
2

f f c M f f c f f c M f f c

Substituting the values of Ac and M(f), we have

S f 250 f f c j100 f f c 1000 j100 f f c 1000

250 f f c j100 f f c 1000 j100 f f c 1000

EEE 360 21

Study Examples
SA4-2. PSD for an AM signal
Autocorrelation for a sinusoidal signal (A sin w0t )
A2
A2 j0
e e j0
Rm
cos 0
2
2
Pm f

A=0.8 and o 2 1000

A2
A2
f f 0 f f 0 f 1000 f 1000

4
4

Autocorrelation for the complex envelope of the AM signal is

Rg g * t g t Ac2 1 m t

1 m t

Ac2 1 m t m t m t m t
But 1 1, m t m t 0, m t m t Rm , Rg Ac2 1 Rm

Thus Rg Ac2 1 Rm
Using

Pv ( f )

Pg f Ac2 f Ac2 Pm f

1
Pg f f c Pg f f c
4

PSD for an AM signal:

Ps f 62500 f f c 10000 f f c 1000 10000 f f c 1000

62500 f f c 10000 f f c 1000 10000 f f c 1000

EEE 360 22

Study Examples
SA4-3. Average power for an AM signal
Normalized average power

1 2
1
2
0.8
2

A
1

500
1

s norm s rms
m rms

2
2
2

Alternate method: area under PDF for s(t)

Ps norm Vs rms Ps f df
2

165 kW

165 kW

Actual average power dissipated in the 50 ohm load:

Ps norm

Vs rms
2

RL

1.65 105

3.3 kW
50

SA4-4. PEP for an AM signal

1

Normalized PEP: PPEP norm 2 max g t

1 2
Ac 1 max m t
2

1
5002 1 0.82 405 kW
2

Actual PEP for this AM voltage signal with a 50 ohm load:

PPEP actual

PPEP rms
2

RL

4.05 105

8.1 kW
50
EEE 360 23