TRANSFORMER LOSSES

Presented By
SAGARIKA ROUT
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BPUT,ODISHA

content.

Types of losses
Copper losses
Core losses
Minor losses

Types Of Transformer Losses

Loss in any machine is broadly defined as difference between input power and

output power.
An electrical transformer is an static device, hence mechanical losses (like

Windage or friction losses) are absent in it and only electrical losses are
observed. So losses in the transformer are classified as

Transformer
Losses

Maj
or
loss
es
Mino
r
loss
es

Copper
loss
Core loss
Stray
losses
Dielectric
loss

Hysteresis loss
Eddy current
loss

Copper loss
These losses occur in the windings of the transformer when heat is

dissipated due to the current passing through the windings and the internal
resistance offered by the windings. So these are also known as ohmic losses
or IR losses, where I is the current passing through the windings and R is
the internal resistance of the windings.
These losses are present both in the primary and secondary windings of the

transformer and depend upon the load attached across the secondary
windings since the current varies with the variation in the load, so these are
variable losses.
Mathematically, these copper losses can be defined as:

Ohmic = IpRp + IsRs

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Core loss
These losses occur in the core of the transformer. These losses depend

upon the magnetic properties of the materials which are present in the
core, so they are also known as iron losses, as the core of the
transformer is made up of iron.
And since they do not change like the load, so these losses are also

constant. There are two types of Iron losses in the transformer:

Hysteresis losses
Eddy Current losses

Hysteresis Loss
i

f =frequency
of sine source
B,
B-H or Hysteresis loop i
saturation
Br
3
0
Hc
4

2 H,I

0 1 2 3

5
t

Br = Retentive flux density (due to property of retentivity)

Hc= Coercive field intensity (due to property of coercivity)
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 Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization in the transformer core.

When the magnetization force beyond coercive force is applied all the magnetic

domain are oriented in reverse direction. For every cycle due to this domain reversal,
there will be extra work done. For this reason, there will be a consumption of
electrical energy which is known as Hysteresis loss of transformer.
Hysteresis loss for given frequency f=Area enclosed within one hysteresis loop * f
Mathematically, it can be defined using Steinmentz formula as

Wh= Bmaxf V (watts)

where, = Steinmetz hysteresis constant
V = volume of the core in m3
x= Steinmetz exponent=1.5 to 2.5

Eddy current loss

Laminations
flux

Current

flux

Because of time variation of flux flowing through the magnetic material as shown,
current is induced in the magnetic material, following Faradays law. This current
is called eddy current. It will not contribute in output of the transformer and
dissipated as heat. This type of energy loss is called eddy current loss.
Mathematically expressed as:
We=KB2maxf2t2Watt
Where K = Constant of Eddy Current
t = thickness of lamination
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Minor losses
Stray loss is the additional loss takes place in auxiliary part of the

transformer due to the presence of leakage flux. It is consider as

variable loss.
Dielectric loss is takes place in transformer insulation and depends on

the applied voltage. It is consider as constant loss.

Since the minor loss is 0.25 to 0.5 percentage of total output. Most of

the time it is neglected.

Conclusion
Losses are

important for the operation of transformer and efficiency

calculation. Since transformer has no rotational loss it has higher efficiency

than any other electrical machine.
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Thank you

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