SS102: Philippine

Governance and the

Constitution
Ms. Reina
T. Villavicencio
GenEd Instructor

Concept of Political

Science, State,
Politics, Government,
Governance and
Administration

Political Science

Itisthesystematicstudyofand
reflectionuponpolitics.Politics
usuallydescribestheprocesses
bywhichpeopleandinstitutions
exerciseandresistpower.

PoliticalScienceisthesystematic
studyofthestateandgovernment.
Thewordpoliticalisderivedfromthe
Greekpolis,meaningacity,ofwhat
todaywouldbeequivalentof
sovereignstate.

SciencecomesfromtheLatinscire,
toknow

Scope of Political Science

(Course Curriculum):
1.Politicaltheory
2.PublicLaw
3.PublicAdministration

Political Theory
Itreferstotheentirebodyof
doctrinesrelatingtotheorigin,
form,behaviour,andpurposes
ofthestatearedealtwiththe
studyofpoliticaltheory.

Public Law the(a)

organizationofgovernments,(b)
thelimitationsupongovernment
authority,(c)thepowersand
dutiesofgovernmentaloffices
andofficers,and(d)the
obligationsofonestateto
anotherarehandledinthestudy
ofpubliclaw.

Private Laws aretheonewhich

governtherelationsamong
individuals,public law isso
specializedthatseparatecourses
offeredineachofitssubdivisions,
namely:(a)constitutionallaw,(b)
administrativelaw,and(c)
internationalLaw.

Public Administration -
attentionisfocusedupon
methodsandtechniquesused
intheactualmanagementof
thestateaffairsbyexecutive,
legislative,andjudicial
branchesofgovernment.

InterrelationshipofPolitical
Sciencewithotherbranchesof
learning:
1.History
Historyispastpoliticsand
politicsispresenthistory.

2. Economics
Referstothestudyof
production,distribution,and
conservation,and
consumptionofwealth.

3. Geography Geopolitics
Itisconcernedwiththestudyof
theinfluencesofphysicalfactors
suchaspopulationpressures,
sourcesofrawmaterials,
geography,etc.Upondomestic
andforeignpolitics.

4. Sociology & anthropology

Itisdeeplyconcernedwiththe
originsandnatureofsocial
controlandgovernmental
authority,withtheabiding
influencesofraceandculture
uponsociety,&withthepatterns
ofcollectivehumanbehavior.

5. Psychology
Itpromotesstudiesofthe
mentalandemotionalprocesses
motivatingthepoliticalbehaviorof
individualsandgroups.Particular
topicsunderthisare:public
opinion,pressuregroups,and
propaganda.

6. Philosophy
Theconceptsanddoctrinesof
Plato,Aristotle&Lockeare
importanttothespecialistin
academicphilosophyandalso
tothepoliticalscientist.

7. Statistics and Logic

Politicaltheoristmusthave
abroadbackground&
knowledgeofcurrentpolitical
problemsandhemustemploy
scientificmethodsingathering
andevaluatingthedata&in
drawingconclusions.

8. Jurisprudence
Thisbranchofpubliclawis
concernedwiththeanalysisof
existinglegalsystems&also
withtheethical,historical,
sociological,&psychological
foundationsoflaw.

Concepts of State
MeaningoftheState
Stateisacommunityofpersons
moreorlessnumerous,permanently
occupyingadefiniteportionof
territory,havingagovernmentoftheir
owntowhichthegreatbodyof
inhabitantsrenderobedience,and
enjoyingfreedomfromexternal
control.

Elements of State:
1.People
2.Territory
3.Government
4.Sovereignty
5.Recognition

1. People
Thisreferstothemassofpopulation
livingwithinthestate.Thereisno
requirementastothenumberofpeople
thatshouldcomposeastate.Butit
shouldbeneithertoosmallnortoolarge:
smallenoughtobewell-governedand
largeenoughtobeself-sufficing.
ThesmalleststateisVatican.Chinahas
thelargestpopulation.

2. Territory
Components of Territory:
1.Terrestrial/landmass
2.Aerial
3.Fluvial
4.MaritimeDomain

ThesmalleststateisVatican
Statewithanareaof0.43square
kilometres.ItwouldfitinRizal
ParkinManila.
ThebiggeststateisCanadawith
anareaof3,852,000squaremiles
whichcoversasurfacenearlyas
largeasEurope.

ThePhilippineshasatotallandarea
ofabout115,707squaremiles.

3. Government
Itreferstotheagencythroughwhich
thewillofthestateisformulated,
expressedandcarriedout.

4. Sovereignty
Itisthesupremepowerofthe
statetocommandandenforce
obediencetoitswillfrom
peoplewithinitsjurisdiction,
andtohavefreedomfrom
foreigncontrol.

TwomanifestationsofSovereignty:

1. Internalorthepowerofthestate
torulewithinitsterritory;
2. External orthefreedomofthe
statetocarryoutitsactivitieswithout
subjectionorcontrolbyotherstates.
Externalsovereigntyisoftenreferred
toasindependence.

1.Legal sovereigntyisthepossessionof
unlimitedpowertomakelaws.Itisthe
authoritybywhichlawhasthepowerto
issuecommands.
2.Political sovereignty isthesumtotalofall
theinfluencesinastatewhichliebehind
thelaw.Itisroughlydefinedasthepower
ofthepeople.

Characteristicsof
Sovereignty
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Permanence;
Exclusivity;
Comprehensiveness;
Absoluteness;
Individuality;
Inalienability;and
Imprescritibility

Permanencemeansitexistinthesameform
foreverorforaverylongtime.
Exclusivitymeansitislimitedtoagroupof
people.
Comprehensivenessmeansincludingeverything,
soastobecompletecomprehensive
knowledge of the subject.
Absoluteness means possessing unlimited
power: havingtotalpowerandauthority.

Individualitymeansthestateorconditionof
beingseparatefromothers.
Inalienabilitymeansitisimpossible to take
away or notabletobetransferredortaken
away,e.g.becauseofbeingprotectedby
law.
Imprescribilityitmeansnot to be taken
away or impossibletoremoveorviolatethe
people's imprescriptible rights.

TheoreticalBasisofState
Origin

DivineTheory
ContractTheory
NaturalorInstinctiveTheory
PatriarchalorMatriarchalTheory
ForceTheory
HistoricalorEvolutionaryTheory

GOVERNMENT
FormsofGovernment:
Theprincipalformsarethe
following:
1.Astonumberofpersons
exercisingsovereignpowers;

2.Astoextentofpowers
exercisedbythecentralor
nationalgovernment;
3.Astorelationshipbetweenthe
executiveandthelegislative
branchesofthegovernment;
4.Astosourceofpoweror
authority:

1.Astonumberofpersons
exercisingsovereignpowers:
A. Government by one
A1)Monarchyoroneinwhich
thesupremeandfinalauthority

isinthehandsofasingle
personwithoutregardtothe
sourceofhiselectionorthe
natureordurationofhistenure.
Monarchiesarefurther
classifiedinto:

Monarchy,formofgovernment
inwhichonepersonhasthe
hereditaryrighttoruleashead
ofstateduringhisorher
lifetime;thetermisalsoapplied
tothestatesogoverned.

Monarchsincludesuchrulersas
kingsandqueens,emperorsand
empresses,tsars,andkaisers.
TwotypesofMonarchical
government:
1.AbsoluteMonarchyoronein
whichtherulerrulesbydivine
right;and

2.Limitedmonarchyoronein
whichtherulerrulesin
accordancewithaconstitution.
Thepowerofthemonarch
variesfromabsolutetovery
limited;thelatterisexemplified
inmodern-dayconstitutional
monarchies.

A2Authoritarianoroneinwhich
thesupremepowerofthe
dictatorwhosepowerisusually
throughforce.
1. strict and demanding
obedience: favoringstrictrules
andestablishedauthority;

2. demanding political
obedience: belongingtoor
believinginapoliticalsystemin
whichobediencetotheruling
personorgroupisstrongly
enforced.

B. Government by few
B1Aristocracyoroneinwhich
politicalpowerisexercisedbyfew
privilegedclass.
1. people of highest social class:
peopleofnoblefamiliesorthe
highestsocialclass

2. superior group: agroup

believedtobesuperiortoall
othersofthesamekind
3. government by elite:
governmentofacountrybya
smallgroupofpeople,
especiallyahereditarynobility
4. state run by elite: astate
governedbyanaristocracy.

B2 Oligarchy
1. small governing group: a
smallgroupofpeoplewho
togethergovernanationor
controlanorganization,often
fortheirownpurposes;

2. entity ruled by oligarchy: a

nationgovernedoran
organizationcontrolledbyan
oligarchy;
3. government by small group:
governmentorcontrolbya
smallgroupofpeople.

Sources of their power:

1.Bybirth2.Bywealth3.Bywisdom
Inanaristocracy,althoughthe
powerofgovernmentiswieldedby
afew,theoreticallythe
administrationofgovernmentis
carriedonforthewelfareofthe
many.

Whenevertheinterestsofthe
peopleasawholearemade
subservienttotheselfish
interestsoftherulers,
aristocracybecomesaformof
governmentknownasoligarchy.

C. Government by many
C1 Democracy oroneinwhich
politicalpowerisexercisedby
themajorityofthepeople.Itis
furtherclassifiedinto:

C1.1 Direct or pure democracyor

oneinwhichthewillofthestateis
formulatedorexpresseddirectly
andimmediatelythroughthe
peopleinamassmeetingor
primaryassemblyratherthan
throughthemediumof
representativeschosenbythe
peopletoactforthem.

C1.2 Indirect, representative or

republican democracy oronein
whichthewillofthestateis
formulatedandexpressedthrough
theagencyofarelativelysmalland
selectbodyofpersonschosenby
thepeopletoactastheir
representatives.

2.Astoextentofpowers
exercisedbythecentralor
nationalgovernment:
A.Unitarygovernmentor
oneinwhichthecontrolof
nationalandlocalaffairsis
exercisedbythenational
government;

B.Federal government orone

inwhichthepowersof
governmentaredivided
betweentwosetsoforgans,
onefornationalaffairsandthe
otherforlocalaffairs,each
organbeingsupremewithinits
ownsphere.

3.Astorelationshipbetweenthe
executiveandthelegislative
branchesofthegovernment:
A.Parliamentary government or
cabinet govt.isoneinwhichthe
executiveandlegislativebranchof
thegovernmentaredependentor
executivebranchispartofthe
legislativebranch.

B.Presidential governmentor
oneinwhichthestatemakes
theexecutiveindependentfrom
thelegislative.

4.Astosourceofpowerorauthority:

A.De facto isonenotso

constitutedorfoundedwiththe
existingconstitutionbuthasthe
generalsupportofthepeopleand
haseffectivecontroloftheterritory
overwhichitexercisesitspowers.

B.De Jureisonewhichis
constitutedorfoundedin
accordancewiththeexisting
constitutionofthestatebuthas
nocontroloftheterritory.

Checks and
Balances,thedoctrineandprac
ticeofdispersingpoliticalpower
andcreatingmutual
accountabilityamongpolitical
entitiessuchasthecourts,the
presidentorprimeminister,the
legislature,andthecitizens.

Separation of
Powers,thedoctrineandpracti
ceofdividingthepowersofa
governmentamongdifferent
branchestoguardagainst
abuseofauthority.

Agovernmentofseparated
powersassignsdifferent
politicalandlegalpowerstothe
legislative,executive,and
judicialbranches.The
legislative branch hasthe
powertomakelaws.

Theexecutive branchhasthe
authoritytoadministerthelaw
primarilybybringing
lawbreakerstotrialandto
appointofficialsandoversee
theadministrationof
governmentresponsibilities.

Thejudicial branch hasthe

powertotrycasesbroughtto
courtandtointerpretthe
meaningoflawsunderwhich
thetrialsareconducted.

Agovernmentofseparated
powersislesslikelytobe
tyrannicalandmorelikelyto
followtheruleoflaw:the
principlethatgovernmentaction
mustbeconstrainedbylaws.

Aseparationofpowerscanalso
makeapoliticalsystemmore
democraticbymakingitmore
difficultforasingleruler,such
asamonarchorapresident,to
becomedictatorial.

Thedivisionofpowersalso
preventsonebranchof
governmentfromdominating
theothersordictatingthelaws
tothepublic.Mostdemocratic
systemshavesomedegreeof
separationofpowers.

Itisawrittenenactmentbythe
directactionofthepeopleby
whichthefundamentalpowersof
thegovernmentareestablished,
definedandlimitedandbywhich
thosepowersaredistributed
amongseveraldepartmentsfor
theirsafeandusefulexercisefor
tehbenefitofthebodypolitic.

BASICPURPOSESOF
CONSTITUTION:
1.Prescribesthepermanent
frameworkofthesystemof
government;
2.Itassignstothedifferent
departmentstheirrespective
powersandduties;&

3.Itestablishesbasicprinciples
onwhichthegovernmentis
founded.

DIFFERENTKINDSOF
CONSTITUTION:

1.Astoform:
a.Writtenonewhichhas
beenreducedinwritingata
particulartimefashionedout
usuallybyaconstitutional
convention;&

b.Unwrittenonethatisthe
productofpoliticalevolution,
bothinformandinsubstance,
notinauguratedatanyspecific
timeandchangingbyaccretion
ratherthanbysystematic
method.

2.Astoorigin
a.Cumulativeorevolvedone
whereithasitsoriginmainlyon
customs,commonlawprinciples,
anddecisionsofcourts.Itisthe
productofhistoricalevolutionand
growthratherthanofdeliberate
andformalenactment.

b.Conventionorenactment
onethatistheproductof
deliberateassemblyand
consciouslyadoptedformally.

3.Astomodalityofamendment
a.Rigidonethatcannotbe
amendedexceptbythevery
procedurespelledoutinthat
Charteritselfwhichisrigid.

b.Flexibleonewhich
possessesnohigherlegal
authoritythanordinarylaws
whichcanbeamendedeasily.

ADVANTAGESOFWRITTEN
CONSTITUTION:
1.Itisfrequentlytheonlypossiblestarting
pointforthefoundationandgrowthof
civilinstitutionsandoftenformsthefirst
availablemeanstogivecivildignityand
politicalconsciousnesstothepeople,as
wellasthebeginningofadistinct
delineationofpower.

2.Intimesofpoliticalapathy,it
formsthebridgetopassover
tobettertimes.
3.Itgivesastrongfeelingofright
andapowerfulimpetusto
actiontohavethewrittenlaw
clearlyononesside.

4.Itservesasabeacontoapprise
thepeoplewhentheirrightsand
libertiesareinvadedand
endangered.
5.Itfurnishesatexttowhichthose
whoarewatchfulmayagainrally
andrecallthepeopleinmoments
ofpassionanddelusion.

6.Itprotectsthepeoplefrom
frequentandviolentfluctuations
ofpublicopinion.

DISADVANTAGESOFWRITTEN
CONSTITUTION:
1.Itestablishesiron-cladrules
whicharedifficulttochange
eveniffoundinconvenientor
oppressive.

2.Itisoftenconstruedon
technicalprinciplesratherthan
inthelightofgreatprinciples.
3.Itislikelytoinvadethe
domainsofordinarylegislation

Theadvantageanddisadvantage
ofunwrittenconstitution.
Thechiefadvantageofan
unwrittenconstitutionisits
flexibilityandelasticitywhichis
reflectiveatalltimestothe

correctexpressionofthe
progressiveandchanging
necessitiesoftheState.
Itsprincipalweaknessliesin
thefactthatitissubjectto
perpetualchangesatthewillof
thelaw-makingpower.

MajorpartsofaConstitution:
1.TheConstitutionofGovernment
Thatportionwhichestablishes
themajororgansofgovernment
anddefinesandallocatesthese
powersamongtheseveral
departments.

2.TheConstitutionofLiberty
Theprovisionsguaranteeing
individualrightswhichmaybe
invokedagainstthemassive
powersofthegovernmentin
caseofexcessesorabuses.

3.ConstitutionofSovereignty
ThatpartoftheConstitution
whereitspellsouttheauthority
ofthepeopleastherepository
ofsovereigntytoapproveor
changeaConstitution.

Requisitesofagood
Constitution:
1.Itmustbebroad
Itmustoutlinean
organizationofthegovernment
forthewholeState.

2.Itmustbebrief
Itisadocumentthatshouldnot
betoodetailedinform.
3.Itmustbedefinite
Clarityanddefinitenessare
indispensableingredientsofa
Constitution.

CONSTITUTIONOFTHE
REPUBLICOFTHE
PHILIPPINES
1.TheMalolosConstitution
2.The1935Constitution
3.The1973Constitution

4.TheFreedomConstitution
5.The1987Constitution
BasicPrinciplesunderlyingthenew
Constitution:
1.RecognitionoftheAidofAlmightyGod;
(preamble)
2.SovereigntyofthePeople(Art.IISec.1)

2.SovereigntyofthePeople(Art.
IISec.1)
3.Renunciationofwarasan
instrumentofnationalpolicy
(Art.IISec.2)
4.Supremacyofcivilianauthority
overmilitary(Art.IISec.3)

5.Separationofchurchand
State(Art.IISec.6)
6.Recognitionoftheimportance
ofthefamilyasbasicsocial
institutionandofthevitalroleof
theyouthinnation-building(Art.
IISecs.12,13&Art.XV)

7.Guaranteeofhumanrights
(Art.IIISecs.1-22)
8.Governmentthroughsuffrage
(Art.VSec.1)
9.Separationofpowers(Art.VI,
Sec.1)

10.Independenceofthejudiciary
(Art.VIIISec.1)
11.Guaranteeoflocalautonomy
(Art.X,Sec2)
12.Highsenseofpublicservice
morality&accountabilityof
publicofficers(Art.XI,Sec.1)

13.Nationalizationofnatural
resourcesandcertainprivate
enterprisesaffectedwithpublic
interest(Art.XIISecs.2,3,17
18)
14.Non-suabilityoftheState(Art
II.Sec.16)

15.Ruleofmajority
16.Governmentoflawsandnot
ofmen

ArticleXVII
AMENDMENTSOR
REVISION

Sec.1Anyamendmentto,or
revisionof,thisConstitutionmaybe
proposedby:
(1)TheCongress,uponavoteof
three-fourthsofallitsMembers;or
(2)Aconstitutionalconvention.

Amendmentisachange
effectedinsomepartsofthe
Constitutionwithoutconsidering
thewholedocument.

Revisionisarewritingor
substantialchanginginthe
Constitutionviewedinit
entirety.

Importanceofamending
procedure:
NoConstitution,howevergifted
itsframers,islikelytoprove
adequateforanindefiniteperiod.
Thereareproblemsthatno
humanforesightcananticipate.

Asconditionsarenever
static,somustthefundamental
lawbefreedfromtheconstraint
ofrigidity.Whileitisreducedto
writing,itshouldnotbedevoid
oftheelementofflexibility.

Methodsbywhich
amendment/revisionmaybe
proposed:
Sec.1&2prescribethree(3)
methodsforproposingant
amendmentto,orrevisionof
theConstitution,namely:

1.ByCongress,asaconstituent
assembly,uponavoteofthreefourthsofallitsmembers
votingseparately;
2.ByConstitutionalConvention
calledforthepurpose;

3.BythePeopledirectly,
throughInitiativeuponpetition
oftherequirednumberof
registeredvoters.

N.B.Thevoterequirementis
morestringentifthe
amendmentsareproposedby
Congressitself.Thisistoinsure
moredeliberationsanddeeper
studyandconsiderationofthe
meritsoftheproposedchanges
tothefundamentallaw.

Sec.2,Art.XVII
Amendmentstothis
Constitutionmaylikewisebe
directlyproposedbythepeople
throughinitiativeuponpetition
ofatleasttwelvepercentumof
thetotalnumberofregistered

voters,ofwhichevery
legislativedistrictmustbe
representedbyatleastthree
percentumoftheregistered
voterstherein.

Noamendmentsunderthis
sectionshallbeauthorized
withinfiveyearsfollowingthe
ratificationofthisConstitution
noroftenerthanonceeveryfive
yearsthereafter.

TheCongressshallprovide
fortheimplementationofthe
exerciseofthisright.

Amendmentsproposedbythe
peoplethroughinitiative.
Sections2&4(par.2)enshrined
forthefirsttimethepeople
powertoeffectchangesinthe
fundamentallaw.Underthe
conceptofinitiative(Art.VI,Sec.
32).

Thepeoplemaydirectly
proposeamendmentstothe
ConstitutionshouldCongress
beremissinitsdutyunderthe
twotraditionalmodesavailable
toit.

Therequirementsare:
1.Theremustbeapetitionofat
least12%ofthetotalnumberof
registeredvoters;
2.Everylegislativedistrictmust
berepresentedbyatleast3%of
theregisteredvotersthereof;

Theamendmentthrough
initiativeisnotmadewithinfive
(5)yearsthereafter.
Congressisrequiredtoprovide
bylawfortheimplementationof
theexerciseofthisright.

Oncetherequirednumberof
voterssignatureiscompliedwith,
Congressisboundtosubmitthe
proposedamendmentstothe
peopleinaplebiscite.

Theaboverequirementsare
designedtoensurethatasizeable
portionofthepopulationreally
desiretoproposetheamendment
andatthesametimeavoid
frequentchangesinthe
fundamentallawwhicharenot
conducivetopoliticalstability.

Sec.3,Art.XVII

TheCongressmay,byavote
oftwo-thirdsofallitsMembers,
callaconstitutionalconvention,
orbyamajorityvoteofallits
members,submittothe
electoratethequestionofcalling
suchaconvention.

Methodbywhichconstitutional
conventionmaybecalled.
1.Congressbytwo-thirdsvoteof
allitsmembersmaycalla
constitutionalconvention;or

2.Congressbyamajorityvoteof
allitsmembers(incaseneither
thenor2/3votecanbe
mustered)maytossthe
questiontocallaconstitutional
Conventiontotheelectoratein
anelection.

ConstitutionalConventionisa
bodyassembledforthe
expressedpurposeofframing
theconstitution,orrevisingthe
existingConstitution,or
formulatingamendmentstoitfor
theapprovaloftheelectorate.

Sec.4,Art.XVII
Anyamendmentto,orrevisionof,
thisConstitutionunderSection1
hereofshallbevalidwhenratifiedby
amajorityofthevotescastina
plebiscitewhichshallbeheldnot
earlierthansixtydaysnorlaterthan
ninetydaysafterapprovalofsuch
amendment.

AnyamendmentunderSec.2
hereofshallbevalidwhenratified
byamajorityofthevotescastina
plebiscitewhichshallbeheldnot
laterthansixtydaysnorlaterthan
ninetydaysaftercertificationby
theCommissiononElectionsof
thesufficiencyofthepetition.

Ratificationmeansthedirect
approvalbythepeopleofthe
amendmentto,orrevisionofthe
constitution.Itisthefinalactto
makeanychangeinthe
constitutionvalidaspart
thereof.

1987CONSTITUTION
Preamble
Q.Ispreambleanintegralpartof
theConstitution?Whatisthe
purposeofPreamble?Isita
sourceofsubstantivepower?

Answer:
ThePreambleisnotanintegral
partoftheConstitution.Itmerely
servestogiveanintroductory
statementandconveytothe
readertheprincipalobjectives
soughttobeaccomplishedby
theConstitutioninbroad-terms.

Q.WhatisthepurposeofPreamble?
Answer:Whilethepreambleisnotan
integralpartoftheConstitutionyetits

trueofficeistoexpoundonthe
scopeandnature,extentand
applicationofthepowersactually
conferredbytheConstitutionand
nottosubstantiallycreatethem.

Itisanaidordevisetohelp
ascertainthemeaningof
provisionsoftheConstitution
whentheintendmentofthe
framersareunclearand
ambiguous.

Q.Isitasourceofsubstantivepower?
Answer:
ThePreamblecannotbe
consideredasasourceofsubstantive
powerunlessapartfromthe
Preamble,itistobefoundinexpress
forminthedistributionofpowers.

Differencebetween1935&1987
Constitutionesp.InPreamble
Q.Inboththe1973&1987Constitutions
thePreamblestartswiththe
declarationwe,thesovereignFilipino
people,whilethe1935Constitution
startedwiththeTheFilipinopeople.
Whatisthesignificanceofthevariance
inphraseology?

Answer:
ThephraseTheFilipino
peopleasusedinthe1935
Constitutioncreatesthefirst
impressionthattheFilipinoswere
allowedtoadoptaConstitutionof
theirownonlyuponpermissionof
aforeignmaster.

ArticleINationalTerritory
Territoryisanareaoftheearths
surfacewhichisthesubjectof
sovereignrightsandinterests.Itis
thatdefiniteoraliquotareaofthe
earthssurfacewithinwhichaState
exercisesjurisdiction,subjecttothe
limitationsimposedbyinternational
law.

Q.Whatistheterritoryofthe
Philippines?
Answer:NATIONALTERRITORY

(Art.I)
TheNationalTerritory
comprisesthePhilippine
archipelago,withalltheislands

andwatersembracedtherein,
andallotherterritoriesover
whichthePhilippineshas
sovereigntyorjurisdiction,
consistingofitsterrestrial,
fluvialandaerialdomains,
includingitsterritorialshelves,
andothersubmarineareas.

Thewatersaround,between,
andconnectingtheislandsof
thearchipelago,regardlessof
theirbreadthanddimensions,
formpartoftheinternalwaters
ofthePhilippines.

Q.Discussthearchipelagic
doctrine
Answer: Thearchipelagic
doctrinewhichisnowan
acceptedprincipleofpublic
internationallawmeansthe
integrationofagroupofislands
totheseaandtheironenessso

thattogethertheyconstituteone
unit,onecountryandonestate.
Asinglebaselineisdrawnaround
theislandsbyjoiningappropriate
pointsoftheoutermostislandsof
thearchipelagowithstraightbase
lines.Thewaterswithinthe
baselinesareconsideredas
internalwaters.

Q.Whatarethemodesofacquiring
territory?

Answer:
Theconventionalmodesof
acquiringterritoryare:
1.Discoveryitistheoldestmode
ofacquiringterritory.

Tobevalidandeffective,
discoverymustbe
accompaniedbyoccupation,
managementand
administrationoftheisland
discovered.

2. Prescription thecontinued
occupationofaterritoryfora
longperiodoftimebyonestate.

3. Accretion itisaprocess
wherethelandareaofaState
causedbytheoperationof
eithertheforcesofnature,or
artificially,throughhumanlabor,
isincreased.

4. Cession isabilateralagreement
wherebyoneStatetransfersovera
definiteportionofaterritoryto
another.
5. Conquest istheacquisitionofa
territorybytheuseofforcewhich
reducesthevanquishedterritorytothe
submissionoftheconqueringState.

SABAH
TheregioncameunderBritish
controlin1877whenaBritish
tradingsyndicate,latercalledthe
BritishNorthBorneo(Chartered)
Company,obtainedconcessions
fromthesultansofBruneiand
Suluandotherrulersintheregion.

TheBritishNorthBorneo
Company,underaroyalcharter
grantedin1881,undertookthe
administrationoftheregion.
In1888NorthBorneowas
madeaBritishprotectorate,but
thecompanyretainedits
administrativepowersuntil1946,
whenBritishNorthBorneowas
proclaimedaCrownColony.

DuringWorldWarII(19391945)theregionwasoccupied
byJapaneseforces.Whenthe
FederationofMalaysiacame
intoexistenceonSeptember16,
1963,BritishNorthBorneo,
renamedSabah,becamea
memberstate.

SpratlyISLANDS
SpratlyIslands,groupofmore
than600islets,coralreefs,sand
bars,andatollsintheSouthChina
Sea.Theislandsarelocatedtothe
northwestofBrunei,theMalaysian

stateofSabah,andthe
PhilippineislandofPalawan.

Ownershipofsomeorallofthe
Spratlysisdisputedbetween
China,Taiwan,Vietnam,Brunei,
Malaysia,andthePhilippines.The
largestofthe12mainisletsisItu
Aba,withatotalareaof36
hectares(90acres);noneis
permanentlyinhabited.

Themostsignificanttypesof
localwildlifeareseabirdsand
turtles.Geologicalsurveysindicate
thattheSpratlyslieatopvastoil
andgasreserves,perhapsgreater
thananypreviouslydiscovered.
Theislandsalsoliealongimportant
shippinglanes.

TheSpratlyIslandswere
controlledbyFrancefrom1933to
1939,byJapanduringWorldWarII
(1939-1945),andafterthewar
ChinaestablishedagarrisononItu
Aba,whichTaiwanretained
followingitssplitwithmainland
Chinain1949.

Allthecompetingclaimants
exceptBruneimaintainmilitary
installationsononeormoreof
theislands.Thereareperiodic
armedclashesintheregion;in
1988morethan70peoplewere
killedduringaconfrontation
betweenChinaandVietnam.

TheSpratlyIslandsare
regardedasapotential
flashpointforregionalconflict,
especiallybecauseChinahas
sofarresistedsubmittingthe
disputetointernationalcourts.

Q.WhatisaRepublicanStateof
whichthePhilippinesisone
ordainedinSection1,Art.IIof
the1987Constitution?

Answer:ARepublicanisone
whichderivesallitspowers,
directlyorindirectly,fromthe
greatbodyofthepeopleandis
administeredbypersons
holdingtheirofficesforalimited
periodorduringgood
behaviour.

Arepublicisarepresentative
democracy.Andtheessenceof
republicanismispopular
representationandultimate
controlbythepeople.

Inotherwords,arepublican
governmentisoneinwhichthe
powersofgovernmentare
placedinthehandsofpersons
chosendirectlyorindirectlyby
thepeople.

Accordingtosupremecourt;
RepublicanStateisa
governmentofthepeople,by,
thepeople,&forthepeople.

Representative government
wherein the powers and
duties of sovereignty and are
exercised and discharged for
the common for the common
good and general welfare.

Q. What are the characteristics

of a Republican State
CharacteristicsofRepublicanState
are:
1.TheExistenceofaBillofrights (Art.
III);
2.Theobservanceoftheruleoflaw;is
agovernmentoflawandnotofmen,

4.Theobservanceoftheprinciple
thattheStatecannotbesued
withoutitsconsent;
5.Theobservanceoftheprinciple
thatCongresscannotpass
irreparablelaws;

6.Theobservanceoftheprincipleof
separationofpowersandofchecksand
balance.
7.Thepresenceofelectionthroughpopular
willortherightofsuffrage,;
8.Theobservanceofthepublicofficers
knownasadministrativelaw.

ImportantEconomic
Terms
Wealth
Referstoanythingthathasafunctionalvalue
usuallyinmoney),whichcanbetradedfor
goodsandservices.
Stockofnetassetsownedbyindividualsor
households
Consumption
Referstothedirectutilizationorusageofthe
availablegoodsandservices
Satisfactionobtainedbyconsumers

 Production
Definedastheformationbyfirmsofanoutput.
Itisthecombinationofland,laborandcapitalin
ordertoproduceoutputsofgoodsandservices.
Exchange
Thisistheprocessoftradinggoodsandservices
formoneyanditsequivalent.
Distribution
Itistheprocessofallocatingorapportioning
scarceresourcestobeutilizedbythehousehold,
thebusinesssector.

TypesofEconomic
Systems
TraditionalEconomy
Afamilyproducesgoodsonlyforits
consumption.

CommandEconomy
themannerofproductionwasdictatedbythe
government.

MarketEconomy
Aneconomicsystemwhereinmosteconomic
decisionsaremadebyprivateowners.

 Socialism
Economicsystemwhereinkeyenterprisesare
ownedbythestate.
Privateownershipisrecognized,butthestate
hascontroloveralargeportionofcapital
assets,andisgenerallyresponsiblefor
productionanddistributionofimportant
goods.

MixedEconomy
mixtureofmarketandcommandsystem.

TheEquationSystem
Demandequation:Qd=a-bP
Supplyequation:Qs=-c+dP
EXERCISESANDSEATWORKS

PercentageChange
Priceformula
Quantityformula
EXERCISESANDSEATWORKS

ELASTICITY
percentageinquantity/percentageinprice
Priceelasticityofdemand
%changeinquantitydemand/%changein
price

Priceelasticityofsupply
%changeinquantitysupplied/%changein
price

Elasticvs.Inelastic
Ifthepercentageinquantityisgreater
thanpercentageinprice.(elastic)
Ifthepercentageinquantityislessthan
percentageinprice.(inelastic)

MaslowsHierarchyof
Needs

SelfActualization
EsteemNeeds
SocialNeeds
SafetyNeeds
PhysiologicalNeeds