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In the name of ALLAH, the

Beneficent the Merciful

Fluid Mechanics-1
ME-..
Warm welcome to every body
Chapter 1-1
By: Engr. Sakhi Jan Khalil
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIU Islamabad

Marks Distribution
Grades:
Assignments
10%
Quizzes
10%
Attendance 5%
Midterm exam
25-30%
Final exam 50%

Course Materials
Lecture notes
Power points slides
Handout sheets

Textbooks
Fundamentals of Fluid mechanics 5th edition by Munson

Fluid Mechanics - 1

Chapter 1

Basic Properties of Fluid

Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 1

Recommended Books
1. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition
By Munson, Young and Okiishi HTJohn Wiley &
SonsTH
2. Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition By Frank M. White
McGraw Hill
3. Fluid Mechanics by Shames McGraw Hill.
McGraw-Hill
Science/Engineering/Math;
4th
Edition (August 20, 2002)
4. fluid mechanics with engineering applications,
10th E
Joseph b. Franzini
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Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 1

Motivation for Studying Fluid Mechanics


Fluid Mechanics is used in the field of..

Aerodynamics
Bioengineering and biological systems
Combustion
Energy generation
Geology
Hydraulics and Hydrology
Hydrodynamics
Meteorology
Ocean and Coastal Engineering
Water Resources
numerous other examples

Fluid Mechanics is beautiful

Aerodynamics

Bioengineering

Energy generation

Geology

River Hydraulics

Hydraulic Structures

Hydrodynamics

Meteorology

Water Resources

Fluid Mechanics is Beautiful

Where is to use the knowledge of


Fluid mechanics..

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Tsunamis
Tsunami: Japanese for Harbour Wave
Created by earthquakes, land slides, volcanoes,
asteroids/meteors
Pose infrequent but high risk for coastal regions.

Tsunamis: role in religion, evolution?


Most cultures have deep at their core
a flood myth in which the great bulk of
humanity is destroyed and a few are
left to
repopulate and repurify the
human race. In most of these stories,
God is meting out retribution,
punishing those who have strayed
from his path

Introduction : Fluid Mechanics


Fluid Mechanics as a Subject
Deals with the study of all fluids under static and dynamic
situations
Subsequent effect of fluid on boundary(solid or other fluid)
The study area deals with many and diversified problems such
as surface tension, fluid statics, flow in enclose bodies, or flow
around bodies (solid or otherwise), internal flows and flow
stability, etc.
It is a branch of continuous mechanics which deals with a
relationship between forces, motions, and static conditions in a
continuous material
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Introduction : Fluid Mechanics


Fluid Mechanics I

Statics / Dynamics

Fluid Mechanics II
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Methods for Solving Fluid Dynamics


Problems
Analytical Fluid Dynamics (AFD) Mathematical analysis of
governing equations, including exact and approximate
solutions. This is the primary focus of this class.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Numerical solution of
the governing equations
Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD) Observation and data
acquisition.

Analytical Fluid Dynamics


How fast do tsunamis travel in the deep ocean?
Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

Linearized wave equation for inviscid, irrotational flow

Shallow-water approximation, /h >> 1

For g = 32.2 ft/s2 and h=10000 ft, c=567 ft/s = 387 miles/hr

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Animation by Vasily V. Titov, Tsunami Inundation


Mapping Efforts, NOAA/PMEL

In comparison to analytical
methods, which are good for
providing solutions for simple
geometries or behavior for limiting
conditions (such as linearized
shallow water waves), CFD
provides a tool for solving
problems with nonlinear physics
and complex geometry.

Experimental Fluid Dynamics


Oregon State University Wave
Research Laboratory
Model-scale experimental
facilities
Tsunami Wave Basin
Large Wave Flume

Dimensional analysis (Chapter


7 of C&C) is very important in
designing a model experiment
which represents physics of
actual problem

Experimental Fluid Dynamics


Experiments are sometimes
conducted in the field or at full
scale
For tsunamis, data acquisition
is used for warning
DART: Deep-ocean
Assessment and Reporting of
Tsunamis
Primary sensor: Bourdon tube
for measuring hydrostatic
pressure

Characteristics of Fluid
Fluid.
Unlike Solid substances, Fluids due to their molecular structure
have the ability to deform continuously under Force / Shear
Stress of any magnitude
A substance which must continue to change shape(defrom) as
long as there is shear stress present.
A substance which when it rest cant sustain a shear stress
Under Fixed / Controlled Boundary Conditions, Fluids adjust to
shape of Boundaries

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Fluids are generally categorized as Liquids


and Gases
The study of Fluid Mechanics is divided into
Fluid Statics and Fluid Dynamics. We will
study both in this course
Fluid Dynamics deals with the study of fluid
flow and the resulting forces and other effects
on its surroundings
Remember that any type of flow have a
deriving potential. For fluid motion, it is
Pressure Difference and / or Dynamic Head,
and is called Potential Head which causes fluid
flow
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Deriving Potentials of Flows


Type of
Flow

Flow
Commodity

Media

Deriving Potential

Electric

Current

Resistance /
Circuit

Voltage

Heat Transfer

Heat

Solid/Liquid/Ga Temperature Difference


s/Space

Fluid

Liquid / Gas

Physical
Boundaries

Pressure
Difference/Dynamic Head

Before we define and discuss certain fluid properties that are related
to Fluid Behavior, under static or dynamic conditions it is necessary
to review basic properties and their units and dimensions
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Properties Units & Dimensions


The quantitative representation of any property requires a NUMBER
and a STANDARD (Unit), like standard for time in Hours or Second,
for length it is Inch or Foot or Mile or Meter
Each Standard or Unit of a property can be expressed in term of
Primary Quantity or DIMENSION ; unit of Velocity is m/sec and can
be expressed as LT-1
In Fluid Mechanics all properties can be expressed in term of four
Primary Dimensions ; Mass (M), Length (L), Time (T) and
Temperature ()
All equations; basic or derived, must be used as Dimensionally
Homogeneous Equations, i.e. LHS must have same units as RHS
The concept of Dimensions also form a powerful tool of Dimensional
Analysis to form Dimensionless Group / Properties
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Properties Units & Dimensions

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Example.
A tank of water having a total mass of 36 kg rest on the floor
of the elevator. Determine the force in (Newton's ) that the
tank exert on the floor if the tank is accelerating upward at
6ft/sec2.

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m
aolusem
V
V

1m
V

Fluid Properties

Density ( ); Defined as mass per unit volume

The units of are Kg/m3 (in SI units) or Slugs/ft3 ( in British units)


(we will be using SI units in this course)
= 999 Kg/m3 for water at 15 0 C
Density of fluids is strongly influenced by Pressure and Temperature
of the fluid. Recall Gas Law studied in Thermodynamics
With increase in Temperature the density decreases whereas
increase in pressure the density increases
Specific Volume ( v ) is reciprocal of Density
v
; generally used in thermodynamics not in Fl. Mech.
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W
w

g
V

H2O@40C
Fluid Properties (Contd.)

Specific Weight ( w or )
w is defined as weight per unit volume and is related to density () as:
The units of w are N/m3 (in SI units) or lb/ft3 ( in British units)
Specific Gravity ( SG )
SG is defined as ratio of density of fluids to the density of water at
specified temperature; (usually it is 4 0C) which is 1000 Kg/m3 or 1.94
Slug/ft3
SG
Density and Specific Weight can only define the behavior of fluid in
static conditions. For Fluid Dynamics or moving fluid, these
properties cannot predict the Fluid behavior
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Fluid Properties (Contd.)


Viscosity
It may be noted that 02 independent properties; Density & Specific
Weight properties are not sufficient to uniquely characterize how
fluids behave while flowing it measures only heaviness
Two fluids (such as water and oil) can have approximately the same
value of density but behave quite differently when flowing
There is apparently some additional property that is needed to
describe the "fluidity" of the fluid, that is Viscosity and is related to:
Pressure Force applied to the flow
Resulting Shear Stress by the fluid and Shear Strain on the Fluid

Viscosity can further be categorized as Dynamic and Kinematic


Viscosity
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Fluid Properties (Contd.)


To define Viscosity, consider Fluid flow between TWO plates (infinite
in width) as shown in diagram below:

Under no slip conditions, the fluid touching with lower plate will
remain static whereas fluid at upper plate will move with the speed of
plate; U
The fluid velocity between the two plates is u = u(y)
Thus, a velocity gradient, du/dy, is developed between the plates
Here velocity gradient is constant as du/dy = U/b, but in more
complex flow situations this would not be true
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Fluid Properties (Contd.)

Recall your knowledge on stress-strain relation of Solids which is


also applicable to Fluids.
du

or

dy
t
Using proportionate of equality (), we can write it as

du
dy

where is called VISCOCITY. It is also called Absolute Viscosity or


Dynamic Viscosity.
For most of fluids, du/dy is linear or in other words, the shearing
stress is linearly related to shear strain rate (du/dy). Such fluids are
called as Newtonian Fluids
No slip condition
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Viscosity

vs du/dy for Newtonian Fluid

vs du/dy for Various Fluids


Shear thickening
Shear thinning

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Shear thickening
The apparent viscosity increases with increasing shear rate-e.g
water sand mixture

Shear thinning
The apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear ratelatex paint on brush.(on brush less shear stress more viscosity
on wall more shear stress less viscosity thats y it spread easily
Bingham plastic (neither fluid nor solid) e.g tooth paste etc

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Viscosity

vs Temp

The variation of with T is widely governed


by following two Imperical Equations :
3
CT 2
For Gases ;
:
(Sutherland Equation)
T S

For Liquids;

: De

B
T

(Andrade Equation)

Where C, S, D and B are empirical constant and T is absolute temperature


If viscosity is known for two temp these constants canbe determined
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Compressibility of Fluids
Bulk Modulus (Ev) or Bulk Modulus of elasticity
property used to characterizes the compressibility of a fluid i.e. how
easily the volume (hence density) of a given mass of the fluid can be
changed when subjected to change in pressure. It is defined as
Ev

dP
dV
V

or

Ev

dP
d

as m = V (-ve= increase in p will cause dec in vol)

Its units are N/m2 (in SI) or lb/in2 ; Psi (in BU)
Liquid have high value of Ev , thus are considered incompressible.
Value are available in various tables, see T 1.5 & 1.6 of Text Book
Ev value of gases can be determined
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Compressibility of Fluids
Compression and Expansion of gases
Gases are compressed (or expanded) the relationship between P
and ( or v) depend on the type of process, e.g.
Isothermal Process : P/ = Constant (Pv=RT)
Isentropic Process : P/k = Constant (Q=0, k=cp/cv)

Table 1.7,1.8
We can now have the value of d/for each above process and
putting its value in definition of Ev , we get :
Ev = P and Ev = kP for Isothermal and Isentropic process of a gas

air is about 15000 time compressible than water

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Compressibility of Fluids
Speed of Sound ( consequence of compressibility of fluid)
Closing of valve of flowing fluid (localized disturnbance)
Diaphragm of loud speaker (localized disturbance as vibrate then
spread
Any disturbance created in fluid flow travel with a definite velocity
and be calculated from Bulk Modulus
Vel of disturbance travels is called acoustic velocity or SPEED of
SOUND and is defined
dpas : E
c

For small disturbance in flow of gas, the process can be assumed as


isentropic , (Ev = kP for Isentropic flow) thus we can write
table B.1, B.2c

kP
kRT

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Vapor Pressure ( Pv )
It is defined as the pressure exerted by saturated vapors on the liquid
surface
Due to less intermolecular forces and hi momentum
Saturated vapors(entering=leaving),
It is closely associated with molecular activity of liquid and depends on
temperature
Pv of water at 100 0C is 101.32 KN/m2 table B.1, B.2 (Appnd B)
Boiling of liquid is the formation of vapor bubbles within the fluid mass
and is initiated when absolute pressure in the fluid reaches the vapor
pressure
At high altitudes, the water boils at lower temperatures
In flowing fluids it is possible to develop very low pressure regions and if
the fluid pressure decreases to Vapor Pressure, boiling of fluid will occur
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Surface tension
Cohesive-Adhesive forces
The intensity of molecular attraction ( to form an imaginary skin / boundary )
per unit length along any line at the surface is called Surface Tension ( )
=F/L
Its units are N/m in SI units and lb/ft in BG units
decreases with increase of liquid temperature
Rain drops, mercury spheres
Pressure inside a drop of fluid can be calculated by considering a spherical
drop cut in half and applying forces balance on it :
Forces acting along round surface due to : 2R
Pressure difference ( Pi Pe ) acting over circular cross section area is : PR2 and it
balance above force, i.e.
2RPR2
Or P = ( Pi Pe ) = 2/R
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Surface tension
capillary tube
Among common phenomena associated with Surface Tension is rise ( or fall ) of liquid in a
capillary tube
The rise of liquid depends on Liquid-Gas-Solid interface, i.e. attraction (adhesion) between
wall of tube and liquid molecule under environment of air (gas) ; see figure below
The height of column ( h ) can be found by equating the vertical force due to surface tension
; 2R cos with weight of fluid in column ; R2h, so we get :

2R cos R2h
or h = 2 cos R)

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Assignments / Self Study

Examples 1.1 to 1.7; Solve yourself


Do problems.
from Chapter 1 of text book
Due date..

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