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TRANSFORMERS
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What is Transformer?
Transformer is an ac machine that
Transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another
electric circuit
It basically changes the level of voltages from one value to the other at
constant frequency.
Does so by the principle of electromagnetic induction
Has electric circuits that are linked by common electric circuit
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Types Transformer
There are two types
Step Down Transformer
Step Up Transformer
Step Up Transformer:
When the output voltage of a transformer is higher than input
voltage then the transformer is known as step up transformer.
Step Down Transformer:
When the input voltage of a transformer is higher than output
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Construction of a Transformer
Two types of iron-core construction:
a)
b)
Cont
Since both windings are linked by the same flux , voltage
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Cont...
Since the primary and secondary coils are wound close together
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Transformer on DC
Transformer can not work on DC
because if the dc voltage is applied to the primary of the
transformer then the flux linking with the primary will not
vary and will remain constant in magnitude. Therefore no
emf is induced in the secondary.
Also there is no self induced emf in primary. The resistance
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Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses, i.e.
practice.
Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer will
I1
V1
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I2
E1
E2
V2
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Transformer Equation
Faradays Law states that,
If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in
d (t )
dt
Lenzs Law
d (t )
N
dt
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Transformer Equation
For an ac sources,
Let V(t) = Vm sint
i(t) = im sint
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function;
Then:
Therefore:
(t ) m sin t
d m sin t
dt
N m cos t
Thus:
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N m 2fN m
4.44 fN m
2
2
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Transformer Equation
For an ideal transformer
E1 4.44 fN1 m
(i)
E2 4.44 fN 2 m
In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be equaled to the output power,
V1 I 2
V2 I1
E1 V1 and E2 V2
Hence, substitute in (i)
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Transformer Equation
N1 : N2
I1
Therefore ,
E1 N1 I 2
a
E 2 N 2 I1
V1
I2
E1
E2
V2
E1 > E2
For a <1
E1 < E2
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Transformer Rating
Transformer rating is normally written in terms of Apparent
Power.
Power
Apparent power is actually the product of its rated current and
rated voltage.
voltage
VA V1 I1 V2 I 2
Where,
I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary winding.
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Transformer Losses
Generally, there are two types of losses:
Iron or core losses
i. Hysteresis Loss
ii.Eddy Current Loss
Copper or ohmic losses
Iron losses are of two types and these are expressed as:
Piron=Pc=(Ic)2Rc=Popen circuit
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Eddy Currents:
Eddy currents induced in the core cause the core to heat, resulting
Hysteresis Losses:
Since the use of AC causes a rapidly changing magnetic field,
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permeability
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IP = primary current
IS =secondary current
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Transformer Efficiency
The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of useful
Output Power
100%
Input Power
Pout
100%
Pout Plosses
Efficiency,
V2 I 2 cos
100%
V2 I 2 cos Pc Pcu
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( full load )
( load n )
VA cos
100%
VA cos Pc Pcu
nVA cos
100%
2
nVA cos Pc n Pcu
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INDUCTION
MOTOR
and are less expensive(for the same volt, rpm, torque) and
has characteristics to suit industrial requirements , high
efficiency .
the secondary.
Slots
Stator Stamping
Tooth
SLOTS
CORE
WINDINGS
Stator
It consists of a steel frame which encloses a hollow,
skewed to
Reduce humming .
Provide
rotor.
Reduce
Squirrel cage three phase induction motor: The rotor of the squirrel cage three
phase induction motor is cylindrical in shape and have slots on its periphery. The
slots are not made parallel to each other but are bit skewed (skewing is not shown
in the figure of squirrel cadge rotor beside) as the skewing prevents magnetic
locking of stator and rotor teeth and makes the working of motor more smooth and
quieter. The squirrel cage rotor consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars (copper
bras rotor is shown in the figure beside). These aluminum, brass or copper bars are
called rotor conductors and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor. The
rotor conductors are permanently shorted by the copper or aluminum rings called
the end rings. In order to provide mechanical strength these rotor conductor are
braced to the end ring and hence form a complete closed circuit resembling like a
cage and hence got its name as squirrel cage induction motor.
The squirrel cage rotor winding is made symmetrical. As the bars are
permanently shorted by end rings, the rotor resistance is very small and it
is not possible to add external resistance as the bars are permanently
shorted. The absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of
Squirrel cage three phase induction motor very simple and robust and
hence widely used three phase induction motor. These motors have the
advantage of adapting any number of pole pairs. The below diagram shows
squirrel cage induction rotor having aluminum bars short circuit by
aluminum end rings.
Advantages of squirrel cage induction rotor1. Its construction is very simple and rugged.
2. As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors
requires less maintenance.
Applications:
Squirrel cage induction motor is used in lathes, drilling
machine, fan, blower printing machines etc
that of stator.
In this type of three phase induction motor the rotor is wound for the same number of poles as
that of stator but it has less number of slots and has less turns per phase of a heavier conductor.
The rotor also carries star or delta winding similar to that of stator winding. The rotor consists
of numbers of slots and rotor winding are placed inside these slots. The three end terminals are
connected together to form star connection.
As its name indicates three phase slip ring induction motor consists of slip rings connected on
same shaft as that of rotor.
The three ends of three phase windings are permanently connected to these slip rings. The
external resistance can be easily connected through the brushes and slip rings and hence used
for speed control and improving the starting torque of three phase induction motor.
The brushes are used to carry current to and from the rotor winding. These brushes are further
connected to three phase star connected resistances.
At starting, the resistance are connected in rotor circuit and is gradually cut out as the rotor
pick up its speed.
This reduces wear and tear of the brushes. Due to presence of slip rings and brushes the rotor
construction becomes somewhat complicated therefore it is less used as compare to squirrel
cage induction motor.
Advantages of slip ring induction motor 1. It has high starting torque and low starting current.
2. Possibility of adding additional resistance to control
speed
Application:
Slip ring induction motor are used where high starting
torque is required i.e in hoists, cranes, elevator etc
Principle of Operation
A rotating field is set up in the stator when a 3-
Phase
supply is given.
The stationary rotor cut the revolving field and due to
through them.
It becomes a current carrying conductor in magnetic field
Slip
Induction motor rotor always rotate at a speed less than
synchronous speed.
The difference between the flux (Ns) and the rotor speed (N)
is called slip.
% Slip =
(Ns N)
Ns
Slip speed = Ns N
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Working
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SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
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Motor Basics
Motor parameters
Basic construction and operating features of DC motors
Torque and EMF characteristics of DC motor
Speed characteristics and Regulation
Applications of DC motor
Electrical Engineering
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Motor Basics
Motors convert electric energy to mechanical motion.
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Motor
Parameters
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Construction of DC motor
Every DC motor has six basic parts :
Shaft
Rotor (Armature)
Stator
Commutator
Field magnet(s) / Poles
For a small motor the magnets is
made from permanent magnet
Brushes
DC motor : Components
Field pole
North pole and south pole
Receive electricity to form magnetic field
Armature
Cylinder between the poles
Consists of coils of insulated wires wound around an iron
and so arranged that electric current are induced in these
wires, when armature is rotating.
Electromagnet when current goes through
Linked to drive shaft to drive the load
Electrical Engineering
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DC Motor : Components
Commutator
Form of rotating switch placed between armature and
external circuit.
Reverse the current direction between the rotor and external
circuit.
Overturns current direction in armature.
Brushes
To collect current from the commutator and supply it to
external load circuit.
Electrical engineering
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Operating principle of DC
motor
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Electrical engineering
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DC motor rotation
Electrical Engineering
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Ia
Ea
motor
Electrical engineering
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DC motor : Connections
Field winding
Armature winding
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DC motor : Types
1.
Series DC motor :
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2. Shunt DC motor
Electrical Engineering
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3. Compound DC motor
Compound DC motor is DC
motor having 2 field winding the
first one is connected parallel to
the armature winding and the
other is connected series
Electrical Engineering
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Characteristics of DC motor
Torque (T):
T = KIa
EMF (E):
E=KN
K is a constant
magnetic flux
Ia is armature current
N is speed of motor
Magnetic flux is constant if it is from permanent magnet
Electrical Engineering
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Field winding
parallel with
armature winding
Current = field
current + armature
current
Electrical Engineering
Speed constant
independent of load
up to certain torque
Speed control:
insert resistance
in armature or
field current
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Speed restricted to
5000 RPM
Avoid running with
no load: speed
uncontrolled
Field winding in
series with
armature winding
Field current =
armature current
Electrical Engineering
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DC compound motor
Suited for high
starting torque if high
% compounding:
cranes, hoists
Higher %
compound in
series = high
starting torque
Field winding in
series and
parallel with
armature winding
Electrical Engineering
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Practice problems
1.
2.
A series motor of resistance 1 ohm between terminals runs at 1000 rpm at 250
V with current of 20 A. Find the speed at which it will run when connected in
series with a 6 ohm resistance ad taking the same current at same supply
voltage.
Ans.
1. 247.125 V
2. 478.3 rpm
Electrical Engineering
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Advantages of DC motor :
High starting torque
normal speed
Accurate seedless speed control
Quick starting and stopping
Disadvantages of DC motor:
High initial cost
Increased operating and maintenance costs
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pplications of DC motors:
Lathes, Drills, Boring Mills, Shapers, Spinning and
Weaving Machines.
Elevators, air compressors, vacuum cleaners, hair
drier
Sewing machines, Presses
Electrical Engineering
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