INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

AT

UPCL
Prepared by-

UPCL AN OVERVIEW

Uttarakhand Power Corporation Ltd (UPCL),

formerly Uttaranchal Power Corporation Ltd
was incorporated on February 12, 2001
consequent upon the formation of the State
of Uttaranchal. UPCL has been entrusted to
cater to the Transmission & Distribution
Sectors inherited after the de merger from
UPPCL since 1st April 2001.

SUB STATION
DEFINITION : The assembly of apparatus used
to change some characteristics of electric
supply is called sub-station.
Electrical power system is AC i.e. electric
power is generated, transmitted and
distributed in the form of Alternating current.
It is delivered to the consumer through a
large
network
of
transmission
and
distribution.

ABOUT THE SUB STATION

The substation is situated at

STRUCTURE OF
SUBSTATION
It is a 66/33/11KV substation.
In the switchyard, four transformers are
present.
All the transformers are step down
transformer
One transformer is 66/33KV, 7.5MVA
Other three are 33/11KV, 5MVA
Other equipment are : protective relays,
circuit
breakers, lightning arrestors,

TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a static device which is used to
step up or step down the voltage. It works on
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. It
has two windings primary and secondary
winding.

INSTRUMENT
TRANSFORMER
Instrument transformers are used in AC
system for measurement of electrical
quantities i.e. voltage, current , power. these
are also used with protective relays. Because
the current and voltage level at substation is
very high in magnitude, so the instrument
transformers are used to measure them.
These are essentially the step down
transformer.
There are two type of instrument
transformers-

1. CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
This is connected in series with the power
circuit.
It steps-down the current in a known ratio.
Current transformers are basically used to
take the readings of the currents entering
the substation.

2. POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMER

It is connected in parallel with power circuit.

It steps down the high voltage level to a low
value which can be measured by small rating
voltmeter.

BUS BARS
When numbers of generators or feeders operating
at the same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically, bus bar is used as the common
electrical component. Bus bars are made up of
copper or aluminum rods operate at constant
voltage.
These also interconnect incoming and outgoing
transmission lines and transformers in substation.
The size of bus bar determines its application and
the amount of current that it can carry safely.

PROTECTIVE RELAYS
Protective relay is a device that detects the fault
and initiates the operation of the C.B. to isolate
the defective element from the rest of the system.
The relay detects the abnormal condition in the
electrical circuit by constantly measuring the
electrical quantities, which are different under
normal and fault condition. The electrical
quantities which may change under fault condition
are voltage, current, frequency and phase angle.
Most of the relays operate on the principle of
electromagnetic attraction or electromagnetic
induction.

 Inverse time relay is used as primary relay and

instantaneous relay is used as backup relay.
Inverse time relay- In this type of relay , the time
of operation is inversely proportional to the
magnitude of current. More is current, lesser will
be the time.

Instantaneous relay- An instantaneous relay is one

in which there is no time delay is provided
intentionally. The function of this relay is very fast.
The relay can operate in less than 0.1 second.
The normally open contacts of the relay are closed
as soon as current in the fixed coil crosses the
pickup value.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breaker is a switching device which can
be operated manually as well as
automatically for controlling and protection of
electrical power system respectively.
During short circuit fault or any other type of
electrical fault, the power network suffer a
high of fault current which may damage the
equipment and network permanently.
So for timely disconnecting and reconnecting
different parts of power system, circuit
breakers are used as switching devices.
During interruption of huge current, there
would be large arcing in between switching
contacts, so care should be taken to quench
these arcs in CB in safe manners.

VACUUM CIRCUIT
BREAKER
In VCB, vacuum is used as arc quenching medium.
When contacts of the breaker are opened in
vacuum, arc is produced between the contacts by
ionization of metal vapour of contacts. The arc is
quickly extinguished because the metallic vapour,
electron and ions produced during arc rapidly
condense on the surfaces of the circuit breaker
contacts, resulting in quick recovery of dielectric
strength.
The main feature of vacuum as an arc quenching
medium is that as soon as the arc is produced in
vacuum, it is quickly extinguished due to the fast
rate of recovery of dielectric strength in vacuum.

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A circuit breaker in which the current carrying
contacts operate in sulphur hexafluoride or SF6
gas is known as SF6 circuit breaker.
SF6 has excellent insulating property and electro
negativity.
The contact of breaker are opened in a high
pressure flow of SF6 gas and arc is struck
between them. The conducting free electrons in
the arc are rapidly captured by the gas to form
relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of
conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds
enough insulating strength to extinguish the arc.

MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT

BREAKER
In these circuit breakers, some insulating oil (e.g.
Transformer oil) is used an arc quenching
medium.
When a fault occurs, the moving contact is pulled
down by the tripping springs and an arc is struck.
The arc energy vaporises the oil and produces
gases under high pressure. This action constrains
the oil to pass through a central hole in the
moving contact and results in forcing series of oil
through the respective passages of the turbulator.
The process of turbulation is orderly one, in
which the sections of arc are successively
quenched by the effect of the separate streams of

VACUUM CB

SF6 CB

MOCB

ISOLATORS
Circuit breaker always trips the circuit but open
contacts of breaker cannot be visible physically
from outside of the breaker and that is why it is
recommended not to touch any electrical
circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker.
For better safety, isolators are used.
Isolator is a manually operated mechanical
switch which separates a part of the electrical
power system normally at off load condition.

LIGHTNING ARRESTERS
Lightning arresters are devices that help
prevent damage to apparatus due to high
voltages. The arrester provides a low
impedance path to ground for the current
from a lightning strike or transient voltage
and then restores to a normal operating
conditions.

THANK
YOU