SCREW

FASTENINGS
AND RIVETS

Introduction to Screw
Fastenings & Rivets
Materials & Strength of
Threaded Products
Elastic Analysis of Bolts
for Joints
Types of Bolts & Screws

Introduction
There are several methods of joining the
parts permanently or semi-permanently
by welding, by riveting, by the use of screw
fastenings, and by numerous special means.
The screw is one of the most useful
elements of machines.

Thread forms for

screws
V-thread
Sellers
Whitworth

V-Thread

Sellers

Whitworth

Definitions

Major Diameter (outside diameter) the diameter

of the imaginary cylinder that bounds the crest of an
external thread and the roots of an internal thread; it is
the largest diameter of the
screw thread.
Minor Diameter (root diameter) the diameter of the
imaginary cylinder that bounds the roots of
an
external thread or the crests of an internal thread.
Pitch (P) the axial distance from a point on a
screw
thread to a corresponding point on the
adjacent
thread.

Lead is the distance in inches, a screw thread (a

helix) advances axially in one turn.

( Note: on a single-thread screw, the lead and pitch

are identical; on a double thread
screw the
lead is twice the pitch; on triple-thread screw, the
lead is three times the pitch.)

Standard Threads
Coarse-thread
Fine-thread

series (UNC)

series (UNF)

Extra-fine-thread
8-thread

series (UNEF)

series (8-UN)

Fits of Threads
Tolerances

for external threads :

1A, 2A, 3A

Tolerances

for internal threads :

1B, 2B, 3B

Design tensile strength:

Substituting this value of design

tensile strength into F = sA;

Initial Tension and

Tightening Torque
Initial tension the stress or load induced by the
tightening operation. The relation between the applied
torque T (in-lb.) and initial tension F (lb.) proposed by
Maney is:
T = CDF (in-lb)

As received (5.10)
Lubricated (5.14)

where:
D nominal bolt size
C torque coefficient

C = 0.20
C = 0.15

Tightening the nut produces a shear

stress in the bolt ( by the frictional
torque);
torque producing shear in a bolt =
(0.4)(total T)

Materials & Strength of Threaded

Products
Proof

Load or Proof Stress (sp)

It is an applied tensile load that the fastener

must support without permanent
deformation. In other words, the bolt returns
to its original shape once the load is
removed.

Head Bolted on Vessel. Internal

Pressure is p

TABLE 5.2
MINIMUM STRENGTHS (ksi)
OF BOLTS (SELECTED STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS)
Grade
SAE
Grade 2

Sizes,
INCL.

sp

su

55

69

7/8 - 1

52

64

1 1/8 1

28

55

sy

SAE

85

120

88

Grade 5

7/8 1

78

115

81

1 1/8 1

74

105

77

80

105

83

75

100

78

105

125

109

95

115

99

ASTM
A325

ASTM 354

BB - 2
-2-4
BC - 2
-2-4

 Initial

Tightening Stress (si) the stress induced by the

tightening operation

Typical

values for bolts to be subjected to a tensile load

are:

si 0.9 sp

(When Proof Stress is Available)

si 0.85 sy

(When Proof Stress is not Available)

 Initial

Tightening Force (Fi)

Fi = siAs
Tightening

Torque

T = CDFi
Where: D = nominal bolt size
C = torque coefficient

ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF BOLTS FOR

JOINTS

ELASTIC CONSTANTS AND GASKETS FOR CONNECTED PARTS

TYPES OF BOLTS AND

SCREWS
Bolt

A screw fastening with a nut on it

 An old name Bolt

for an unfinished through
Machine

bolt, comes with a square, hexagonal, or

round head and with coarse and fine
threads.

Coupling Bolt
Is finished all over, usually having coarse
threads

Distinguished
by a short portion of the
Carriage
Bolt

shank underneath the head being square or

finned or ribbed.

Eye Bolt
Provides a place for a hook for lifting parts

Stud
Bolts
Threaded
on both ends and can be used
where a through bolt is impossible to use.

Stove
Bolts
A cheap
variety of bolts usually made in
small sizes

U bolts
Made in the form of U.

Self-tapping
Screws
Have proved economical in many assembly
operations involving plastics, die castings and
sheet metals.

Lag Screw

A large wood screw used to prevent

relative motion on a wooden base.

Set Screw
Used to prevent relative motion between two
parts that tend to slide over one another.

DEPTH OF TAPPED HOLE AND

CLEARANCE AROUND BOLT
HEAD AND NUT
The length of thread in contact in a tapped hole should
be e minimum of about 1.5D in. for cast iron and other
brittle materials, and about D in. for steel or wrought
iron (D = nominal size)
If a tapped hole cannot go all the way through the piece,
the hole to be tapped should be drilled at least an extra
D/4 in. deep to allow tool clearance at the bottom.

When the
location
of a bolt isIN
such
that it
BOLTS
AND
SCREWS
SHEAR

would normally be in shear, it is better to use a

dowel pin.

THREAD-LOCKING
DEVICES

Locking nuts and ways of locking nuts have

been invented in amazing numbers. It has
been found that when the initial tightening
load is greater has the external load, it is
helpful in maintaining a tight connection.

Lock
Washer
Are heat treated and their purpose is to
maintain pressure between the threads of the
bolt and nuts, thus retarding loosing under
vibration.

Lock
Nuts
Drawn up so tightly that the nuts press
on the threads in opposite directions.

Flexloc
The section at the top , separated by
radial slots have been permanently deformed
inward. They grip the bolt and hold the nut in
any position.

Lokut
The idea being that the pressure of the
deformed part on the bolt threads will hold
the nut in place.

Esna Insert Type

Has a ring insert of fiber or nylon at the top
with the nut on the bolt, the insert presses
about and against the bolt threads, holding the
nut in place at any position.

An-cor-lox Nut
Has a ring of soft metal at the
bottom of the nut which turns on freely
until the nut strikes the part.

Speed Nut

Provides excellent locking properties for light

assemblies. When pulled into flat position, it
presses against the root of the screw thread and
also against the side of the thread by the nuts
spring action.

Dardelet Rivet-Bolt
Has a self-locking thread. Used in
place of rivets in assembling steel
structures.

Rivets
Most parts that can be bolted together
can also be riveted, but rivets are not used
unless it is expected that the parts will
seldom be disassembled.

CLOSURE
Variations in the forms of threaded
parts and rivets are so numerous that
other sources must be consulted for more
descriptive details.

Summary of Formulas

Summary of Formulas