Circulatory System

in Animals

Regents Biology

2008-2009

Feeding Energy Needs

Why do we need a
circulatory system?

supplies in
fuel (sugars)
digestive system
oxygen
respiratory system

waste out
CO2
respiratory system

need to pick up & deliver

the supplies & wastes
around the body

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circulatory

system

Simple organisms
When your body is only 2-cell layers thick, you can
get supplies in and waste out just through diffusion

all cells within easy reach of fluid

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Biology
Jellyfish

Hydra

Complex organisms
Circulatory system

made up of 3 parts
organ
heart

tissues & cells

blood vessels
arteries
veins
capillaries
blood
red blood cells
plasma
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Circulatory systems
All animals have:
muscular pump = heart
tubes = blood vessels
circulatory fluid = blood

open

hemolymph
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closed

blood

Vertebrate Heart
4-Chambered heart

atria (atrium)
thin wall
collection chamber

left
atrium

receive blood

ventricles
thick wall pump
right
pump blood out atrium

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right
ventricle

left
ventricle

Evolution of circulatory system

Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart

fish
2 chamber

amphibian
3 chamber

A
V
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reptiles
3 chamber

A
V

A
V

birds & mammals

4 chamber

A
V

A
V

Lub-dub, lub-dub
4 valves in the heart

flaps of connective tissue

prevent backflow

SL

Heart sounds

closing of valves
Lub

AV
AV

force blood against

closed AV valves

Dub
force of blood against

semilunar valves

Heart murmur
leaking valve causes hissing sound
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blood squirts backward through valve

Electrical signals

allows atria to empty

completely before
ventricles contract

stimulates ventricles
to contract from
bottom to top, driving
blood into arteries

heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses

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signalBiology
also transmitted to skin = EKG

Cardiac Cycle
ventricles
fill

How is this
reflected in
blood pressure
measurements?
systolic
________
diastolic
chambers fill

pump
(peak pressure)
_________________
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fill
(minimum pressure)

110
________
80

ventricles
pump

Measurement of blood pressure

if systolic > 150

hypertension =
or
(high blood pressure)
if diastolic > 90
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2008-2009

Circulatory System
Blood Vessels

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2008-2009

Blood vessels
arteries

veins

artery

venules

arterioles

arterioles
capillaries

venules
veins

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Arteries: Built for their job

Arteries
blood flows away from heart
thicker walls

provide strength for high

pressure pumping of blood

elastic & stretchable

maintains blood

pressure even
when heart relaxes

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Major arteries

aorta carotid = to head

to brain & left arm
to right arm
to body
pulmonary
artery
coronary
pulmonary
arteries
artery =
to lungs

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Coronary artery bypass

bypass surgery

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Veins: Built for their job

Veins

Blood flows
toward heart

blood returns back to heart Open valve

thinner-walled

blood travels back to heart

at low speed & pressure

why low pressure?
far from heart

blood flows because muscles

contract when we move

Closed valve

squeeze blood through veins

valves in large veins

in larger veins one-way valves

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allow blood to flow only toward heart

Major Veins
superior
vena cava =
from
upper body
pulmonary
vein =
from lung
inferior
Regentsvena
Biology cava = from lower body

pulmonary
vein =
from lung

Structure-function relationship
Capillaries
very thin walls
allows diffusion of
materials across
capillary

O2, CO2, H2O,

waste
body cell

CO2

food, waste
O2
food

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Circulation of Blood

Circulation
to lungs

2 part system

Circulation to lungs

lungs

blood gets O2 from lungs

drops off CO2 to lungs
brings O2-rich blood from

lungs to heart

heart

Circulation to body
pumps O2-rich blood to body
picks up nutrients from

digestive system
collects CO2 & cell wastes
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body
Circulation
to body

Vertebrate circulatory system

2 part system
lungs

artery
to lungs

vein from lungs

to heart
heart

vein from body

to heart
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body

artery
to body

Stops along the way

Lungs

pick up O2 / clean out CO2

Small Intestines

pick up nutrients from

digested food

Large Intestines

pick up water from

digested food

Liver

clean out worn out

blood cells

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More stops along the way

Kidneys
filters out wastes
(urea)
extra salts, sugars &
water

Bone

picks up new red

blood cells

Spleen

picks up new white

blood cells

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Circulatory System & Homeostasis

ATP

Homeostasis

keeping the internal environment of the

body balanced
need to balance food & O2 in
need to balance energy (ATP) production
need to balance CO2 & waste out

Exercise

heart beat faster

food

O2

CO2

waste

need more ATP

bring in more O2 & food; remove more CO2 & waste out

Disease

poor lung or heart function = heart beat faster

need to work harder to bring in O2 & food & remove wastes

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Circulatory System
Blood

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2008-2009

Blood & blood cells

Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells

plasma
liquid part of blood
dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more

cells
red blood cells (RBC)
transport O2 in hemoglobin
white blood cells (WBC)
defense & immunity
platelets
blood clotting

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Blood Cell production

ribs, vertebrae,
breastbone & pelvis

Stem cells
parent cells
in bone
marrow
differentiate
into many
different types
of cells

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white blood cells

white blood
cells

red blood
cells

Red blood cells

Small round cells
produced in bone marrow
5 liters of blood in body
5-6 million RBC in drop of human blood
last 3-4 months (120 days)

filtered out by liver

~3 million RBC destroyed each second

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Hemoglobin
Protein which carries O2

250,000 hemoglobins in 1 red blood cell

O2
O2

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O2
O2

emergency repair of circulatory system

Blood clotting
chemical
emergency
signals

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platelets
seal the hole

protein fibers
build the clot

Cardiovascular disease
Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis

deposits inside arteries (plaques)

develop in inner wall of the arteries,

narrowing their channel

increase blood pressure

increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage

normal artery

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hardening of arteries

Cardiovascular health
Risk Factors
genetics
diet

high animal fat

exercise & lifestyle

smoking
lack of exercise

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bypass surgery

Heart Disease
Heart disease death rates 1996-2002
Adults ages 35 and older

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Women & Heart Disease

Death rates for heart disease per 100,000 women, 2002

Risk factors
Smoking
Lack of exercise
High fat diet
Overweight

Heart disease is 3rd leading cause of death

among women aged 2544 years & 2nd

leading cause of death among women aged
4564 years.

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Regents Biology

2008-2009