GSM-GPRS Operation

Presentasi Standard Sistem

Komunikasi Bergerak
GSM CDMA

Ricky Winata
13/349325/TK/41095
Rabani Rashif Saniy Alfarisi 12/330339/TK/39515

Outline GSM Section

Introduction

& Review
GSM Architecture
GSM Frequency Band
GSM Channel Numbering
Physical Channel
Logical Channel
Mapping Logical Channel on to Physical
Channel

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GSM
GSM:

Global System for Mobile

Communication.
GSM sistem dirancang sebagai generasi
kedua (2G) teknologi telepon selular.
GSM menggunakan TDMA (time division
multiple access).
Modulasi: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
(GMSK)
Frekuensi carrier 200 kHz
Bekerja di frekuensi 900 MHz atau 1800 MHz

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GSM Network Interface

Um interface Udara atau radio interface standar yang

digunakan untuk pertukaran sinyal antara Mobile dan Base
station ( BTS/BSC).
Abis interface menghubungkan BTS dan BSC
A interface Menyediakan komunikasi antara BSS dan MSC.
B interface Interface yang berada antara MSC dan VLR dan
menggunakan protocol MAP/B.
C interface Berada di antara HLR dan GMSC ( Gateway
Mobile Switching Center).
D interface Berada di antara VLR dan HLR. Digunakan untuk
pertukaran data yang berhubungan dengan mobile equipment
dan management subscriber.

Air Interface = Um Interface

Major

problems at air interface In GSM

network, it is about Um interface
Air interface

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GSM 900 MHz Frequency Band

MS Transmit Band

MS Transmit Band
Uplink

890

915 MHz

Downlink

935

25 MHz

25 MHz

CH 1 CH 2

CH 1 CH 2

CH 124

CH 124
200 kHz
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960 MHz

200 kHz
8

Penomoran Kanal GSM

GSM900
FU(n) = 890 + 0.2n
(MHz)
FD(n) = Fu(n) + 45
(MHz) 1 n 124
E-GSM900
FU(n) = 890 + 0.2(n-1024) (MHz)
974 n 1023
FD(n) = Fu(n) + 45
(MHz)
GSM1800

Fu(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n-512)

FD(n) = FU(n) + 95

(MHz)
(MHz) 512 n 885

374 channels
n disebut Absolutely Radio Frequency Channel Number (ARFCN)

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2G Frequency Allocation in Indonesia

GSM-GPRS Operation

GSM
900

DCS 1800

Penataan Frekuensi GSM 1800

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Frequency Allocation Per-Cell

Selanjutnya...bandwidth
displit di dalam sel-sel

2
1
2

6
7

3
1

4
4

5
5

1710
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1732
12

Frequency reuse

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13

Spesifikasi RF
MS Transmission
Band : 890 915 MHZ
45 MHz

BS Transmission
Band : 935 960 MHZ

Year Introduced

1990

Access method

TDMA

Channel
Bandwidth

200 kHz

Number of duplex
channels

125

Users per channel 8

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Speech coding bit

rate

13 kbps

Data coding bit

rate

12 kbps

Frame size

4.6 ms

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GSM-GPRS Operation

Kanal Fisik

Radio Interface (Layer 1)

time

Duplex distance: 45 MHz

TS7

Example:
GSM900

TS6
TS5

TDMA
frame

TS4

4.615
ms

TS3

UL

DL

Physical
Physicalchannel
channel(Um)
(Um)
TS2

TS

TS1

577
s

TS0
890

915

200 kHz
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935

960

Frequency [MHz]
16

Struktur Sinyal GSM

GSM carrier selebar 200 kHz.

Pada arah downlink BTS,
timeslot berbeda digunakan
untuk masing-masing MS MS
mendengar hanya pada TS yg
dialokasikan untuknya
Pada TS yg tidak digunakan,
MS dapat menggunakannya
utk pengukuran sinyal
berguna utk Handover
Pada arah uplink, MS transmit
hanya pada timeslot yg
dialokasikan untuknya
Transmit MS terjadi berbeda 3
TS dari TS transmit BTS
untuk mencegah transmitterima simultan pada MS
(membutuhkan duplekser)

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3 timeslot

17

Adaptive Frame Alignment / Timing Advance (TA)

Adaptive frame alignment:
Mencegah pengiriman/penerimaan
secara bersamaan/simultan

UL/DL di delay 3 TS

UL

DL

Timing Advance TA:

Kompensasi delay propagasi
BTS memerintahkan MS mengirim lebih lambat:
2 x waktu propagasi MS - BTS

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18

Time
Structure

1 Superframe =
51 x 26
TDMA frames
6.12 ms

Hyperframe =
2048 Superframes 3h 29 min

e.g. repetition of
frequency hopping
ciphering

0 1 2 3
0

Numbering Period

4950

24

1 TCH Multiframe =

1 Signalling Multiframe =
51 TDMA frames 235,4 ms

26 TDMA frames = 120 ms

0 1 2 3

24 25

1 Burst = 156,25 bit = 576,88 us

(1 bit = 3,6923 us)
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25

Channel organisation
scheme

Repetition scheme
for TCH / Signalling

0 1 2 3

49 50

1 TDMA frame
= 8 TS = 4,615 ms

BURST = TS content
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GSM-GPRS Operation

Mapping Kanal Logik ke Kanal

Fisik

Mapping
Kanal logik GSM harus dipetakan ke kanal fisik, artinya : informasi pada
kanal logik harus ditempatkan pada kanal fisik dengan format burst
tertentu untuk ditransmisikan
Analogi pemetaan kanal logika pada kanal fisik...
Tipe burst pada kanal fisik dapat dianalogikan sebagai tipe gerbong pada
rangkaian kereta api. Orang makan malam berada pada gerbong restorasi.
Demikian pula pada kanal logik, penempatan kanal logika pada gerbong burst
tergantung dari fungsi kanal logik tersebut beserta sifat-sifat fisisnya.
Dedicated
Control
Channels

Traffic
Channel

Normal Burst
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Synchronization
Channel

SCH Burst

Frequency
Correction
Channel

FCCH Burst
21

Mapping

Dedicated
Control
Channels

Traffic
Channel

Normal Burst

Synchronization
Channel

SCH Burst

Frequency
Correction
Channel

FCCH Burst

Kasus analogi di GSM

Kanal RF selebar 200 kHz Rel kereta
Kanal logik
Isi gerbong kereta
Kanal fisik (timeslot) Gerbong kereta
Burst Tipe/jenis gerbong
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22

Multiplexing
60 MHz

60 MHz

For GSM 1900...

FDD

299 200kHz Radio Channels

FDMA 512 513 514

808 809 810

ARFCN
Numbers

8 0.57ms Time Slots

1 Frame

TDMA

Burst - Transmission Quantum in GSM

Frame Train on
Frequency Trackan analogy
Burst

Burst

Burst

Burst

Burst

Burst

Burst

Burst

Membutuhkan sinkronisasi yg sangat tepat!!

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23

Physical Channel / GSM Data Rates

UL: 890 MHz

915 MHz

RFC RFC RFC

1
2
3

FDMA

GMSK
270.833
Modulation kbit/s

RFC
i

RFC RFC
123 124

200 kHz

1 TDMA Frame: 4.615 ms / 1250 bit

TDMA

1 TS: 33.85 kbit/s

1 Normal Burst: 576.9 s / 156.25 bit
TB

Information

57

S Training Seq. S
1

26

Information
57

TB GP
3

8.25

1 Bit = 3.6923 s
24.7 kbit/s = 22.8 kbit/s TCH data (incl. redundancy)
+ 0.95 kbit/s SACCH + 0.95 kbit/s Idle
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24

CDMA SECTION

Advantages of CDMA
FDMA
FDMADifferentuserusedifferent
frequency

Power
Tim

TACS AMPS
TDMADifferentuserusedifferent
timeslotofonefrequency

TDMA
Power

GSM DAMPS
CDMADifferentuserusesame
frequencyatthesametime,butwith
differentspreadingcode

cy
en
u
eq
Fr

Tim
e

en
qu
Fre

cy

CDMA
Power
Ti
m
e

cy
en
u
eq
Fr

28

GSM Vs CDMA
FREQUENCY REUSE IN CDMA & TDMA

F5
F6

F1
F4

F1

F1
F3

F7

F1

F1

F2

TYPICAL TDMA SYSTEM

EACH CELL USES DIFFERENT
FREQUENCY
THE PATTERN IS REPEATED
FOR THE NEXT SET OF CELL
SITES

F1

F1
F1

TYPICAL CDMA SYSTEM

EACH CELL USES SAME
FREQUENCY

Frequency Reuse
7 cell re-use pattern
f7
f

f2

f7

f1
f5

f6

f2

f3
f4

f1
f5

f3
f4

FREQUENCY REUSE IN in CDMA

f1
f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1

f1
f1

f1
f1

f1

f1
f1

f1

Advantages of CDMA

Frequency reuse
Large coverage
High spectrum capacity
High Privacy
Soft Handoff
Perfect Power Control
Smooth migration to 3G

32

Advantages of CDMA
Frequency
Frequency
reusefactoris
reusefactoris
1;1;
network
network
designand
designand
expanding
expanding
becomemuch
becomemuch
easier
easier

AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS

1

30

30

2
3
7
1
6
4
5

Users
Vulnerability:
C/I 17 dB

10 kHz
Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

GSM
8

Users

200 kHz

Vulnerability:
C/I 12-14 dB

1
4

2
3

Typical Frequency Reuse N=4

CDMA

Vulnerability:
Eb/No 6--7 dB

20 Users
1250 kHz

1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1

Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

33

Advantages of CDMA
largecoverage
largecoverage
almost2timesthanGSM,savemoneyfor
almost2timesthanGSM,savemoneyfor
operator
operator
2
Example:cover
Example:cover1000
1000km
km2
GSM
GSM
need
need200
200BTS
BTS
CDMA
CDMAonly
only
need
need50
50BTS
BTS
Attention:
Attention:exact
exactresult
resultneed
need
Link
LinkBudget
Budget

34

Advantages of CDMA
Highprivacy,hardtowiretapping
Highprivacy,hardtowiretapping
Each user is below
the noise deeply

Spread signal
Information
signal

Demodulated
signal
TX

Spread code

RX

Spread code

35

Advantages of CDMA
Usesofthandoff,decreasedropcallrate
Usesofthandoff,decreasedropcallrate

CDMA:makebeforebreaksofthandoff
CDMA:makebeforebreaksofthandoff

Othersystems:makeafterbreakhardhandoff
Othersystems:makeafterbreakhardhandoff

36

Advantages of CDMA
Goodvoicequality,use8k,13K(QCELP,EVRC)voice
Goodvoicequality,use8k,13K(QCELP,EVRC)voice
codingthebestcodingmethodintheworld.
codingthebestcodingmethodintheworld.
Voice quality
(MOS)

64k 13
PCM k
GS
M

8k 13
CDMAk
CD
MA

8kE
VRC
CDM
A
37

Advantages of CDMA

PerfectPowerControlandvoiceactivationmaketheMS
PerfectPowerControlandvoiceactivationmaketheMS
Powerlow,healthyforhumanbodygreenmobilephone.
Powerlow,healthyforhumanbodygreenmobilephone.

MeanPowerMaxPower
MeanPowerMaxPower
GSM:125mW2W
GSM:125mW2W
CDMA:2mW200mW
CDMA:2mW200mW

38

Advantages of CDMA
Smoothmigrationto3Gandtheoperators
Smoothmigrationto3Gandtheoperators
benefit
benefit
isprotectedatthemost
isprotectedatthemost
Technical
Scheme:

Economic
Scheme:

95A 95B
95B 1X
1X 1XEV

Softwareupdate Add1Xchannel Add1XEV

channelboard

ReplaceMSto board
getnewservice Softwareupdate Software
update

ReplaceMStoge

ReplaceMSto
newservice
getnewservice

Almostfree

inexpensive

inexpensive

39

DSSS Spreading /Despreading

C1*C1 = 1, C2*C2 = 1. Cn*Cn = 1 BUT C1*C2 = 0C1*Cn =
0

U1C1 ( 10011000000)

C1 ( 100110.10110010)

=
U1 = 0110010101001000

U1 = 0110010101001000

C1 ( 100110.10110010)

=
U1C1 ( 1001100000)
U2C2*C1 = 0, U2*C2*C2 = U2
U2C2
U3C3
U4C4
UnCn

U3C3*C1 = 0, U3C3*C3 = U3
U4C4*C1 = 0, U4C4*C4 = U4
UnCn*C1 = 0, UnCn*Cn = Un

The Three CDMA Spreading Techniques

Shipping and Receiving via CDMA

Architecture of CDMA system

Main components of CDMA
MSS (Mobile Switching Sub-system)
BSS (Base Station Sub-system)
MS (Mobile Station)
OMC (Operation and Maintenance
Center)

43

Architecture of CDMA system

MS:

Mobile Station

BSC:

Base Station Controller

BTS:

Base Transceiver Station

MSC: Mobile Switching Center

VLR:

Visitor Location Register

HLR:

Home Location Register

AUC:

Authentication Center

OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center

MC:

Message Center

44

Other Terminologies used

PLMN:
ESN:
MIN:
IMSI:
MSIN:
MCC:
MNC:
SID:
NID:

Public Land Mobile Network

Electronic Serial Number
Mobile Station Identification Number
International Mobile Subscriber Identification
Mobile Station Identification Number
Mobile Country Code
Mobile Network Code
System Identification
Network Identification

45

Architecture of CDMA system

M SC

MS

PSTN

Um
BT S

E
Abis

BSC

BSS

MC

M S C/SSP
Q

MC

Ai

HLR

VLR

D
N

AUC

MSS

46

Architecture of CDMA system

1. Base Station Sub-system
Function: It provides trunks between wireless
part and fixed part of PLMN network.
---BSC
BSC performs the controlling function and
management.
---BTS
BTS is in charge of wireless transmission.

47

Architecture of CDMA system

2. Mobile Switching Sub-system
Function:

CDMA switching function

Manage mobile subscriber data
Manage database for mobile service
Interface between CDMA network and other
network (such as PSTN, other PLMN etc.).
It includes 4 function units:
---MSC

---VLR

---HLR

---AUC

48

Architecture of CDMA system

1) Mobile Switching Center(MSC)
It is responsible for setting up, managing and clearing
connections as well as routing the calls to the proper
user.
It provides the network interfaces, the charging
function and the function of processing the signaling.
MSC get data for call handling from 3 databases:
VLR/HLR/AUC

49

Architecture of CDMA system

2)

Visitor Location Register(VLR)

VLR is a dynamic database used by MSC for information
index. It stores all related information of mobile
subscribers that enter its coverage area, which enables
MSC to set up incoming and outgoing calls.

Subscriber parameters include: subscriber number,

location area identity(LAI), users status, services
which subscriber can use and so on.

When the subscriber leaves this area, it should

register in another VLR, and the previous VLR will
delete all the data about this subscriber.

VLR can be built together with the MSC or set

separately

50

Architecture of CDMA system

3) Home Location Register (HLR)
HLR: It is a static database. When a user apply for
mobile service, all data about this subscriber will be
stored in HLR.
Information:
----Subscriber information (ESN, MDN, IMSI, MIN),
service information and valid term.
----The mobile subscriber location (MSC/VLR address),
so as to set up the call route to the MS.
HLR can be built together with the MSC or set
separately.

51

Architecture of CDMA system

4) Authentication Center

Conception:

It is an entity to prevent illegal

subscribers from accessing CDMA network. It can
generate the parameter to confirm the subscribers
identity. At the same time it can encrypt users
data according to users request.

Composition:

Database: save MIN,ESN, authentication key)

Generator of random number

Algorithm(CAVE algorithm)

AUC can be built separately or together with HLR

52

Power Control Is Required ?

Near-far Problem

Path Loss
Fading
Performance Objectives