PCM PRINICIPLES

MODULATION

 Basic modal for transportation of information

source infn
sink

trans-

recei

Infn in the electrical form is message signal

( modulating signal )

Modulation
Message signal is not suitable for
transmission over the medium in its
original form.
Modulation is a process of relocation of
message signal in a carrier wave which is
more suitable for transmission.
Modulation enables multiple message
signals to be transmitted simultaneously
over the same medium without interfering
with each other

Modulation
In modulation process one of the
characteristics ( amplitude ,
frequency or phase ) of a carrier
wave is made to change as per
instantaneous amplitude of the
message signal ( modulating signal )

MULTIPLEXING TYPES
There are basically two types of
Multiplexing techniques .
1. Frequency Division Multiplexing
2. Time Division Multiplexing

FDM

Is the process of
translating individual
speech circuits (3003400Hz) into pre assigned
slots within the bandwidth
of transmission medium.

FDM

FDM
process

FDM demultiplexing
example

FDM

FDM techniques find their

applications in analogue
transmission systems.An
analog transmission
system is used to transmit
continuously varying
signals.

TDM
The process where a
transmission medium is
shared by a number of
circuits in time domain by
establishing a sequence of
time slots during which
individual channels can be
transmittedThus the entire
bandwidth is periodically
available to each channel

TDM

PCM- PULSE CODE MODULATION

DEFINITION:
Pulse
code
modulation (PCM) is essentially
analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion
where the information contained in
the instantaneous samples of an
analog signal is represented by
digital words in a serial bit stream.

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Pulse Code Modulation

The basic steps to PCM:

--filtering
Sampling
Quantization
Encoding
Line coding

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Filtering

Filters are used to limit the speech

signal to the frequency band.

Bandwidth
Bandwidth (Bw) refers to the width of
a signal, which is determined by
taking the difference between the
highest frequency of the signal and
its lowest frequency.
A voice signal is usually though of as
a signal between 0 and 4000 Hz (Bw
= 4000 Hz).
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Sampling
Sampling refers to how often measurements
are taken of the input analog signal.
Sampling Theorem states that an analog
signal should be sampled at a rate at least
twice its highest frequency.
In telecommunications, the network was
designed to handle signals between 0 and
4000 Hz.
Sampling frequency = 8000 cycles / sec
Time period for Samplig = 1/ 8000 = 125
micro.sec
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SAMPLING THEOREM
If a band limited signal is sampled
at regular intervals of time and at a
rate equal to or more than twice the
highest signal frequency in the band,
then the sample contains all the
information of the original signal
Fs= >2fH

PCM Block Diagram

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Quantization
The output of a sampler is PAM
signals. This type of transmission is
susceptible to noise interference.
Hence, in PCM systems ,PAM signals
are converted into digital form by
using quantization principles.

Quantization
It is a process of breaking down a
continuous amplitude range into a
finite number of amplitude
intervals . ( quantizing interval ) and
assigning a level to each interval .

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PCM as ADC
Sampling

Analog
Input
Signal
Sample

ADC

Quantize
111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000

Encode

Makes the signal discrete in

time.
If the analog input has a
bandwidth of B Hz, then the
minimum sample frequency
such that the signal can be
reconstructed without
distortion, fs >= 2B

Quantization
Makes the signal discrete in
amplitude.
Round off to one of q discrete
levels.

Encode

Digital Output
Signal
111 111 001 010 011 111 011

Maps the quantized values to

digital words that are n bits
long.

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Encoding
Conversion of quantized analogue
levels to binary signal is called
encoding .
In practical systems quantization and
encoding is a combined process
which is done by a circuit called
CODER

Line coding
For transmission of the digital signals
, the 1 s and 0 s of the signal are
transmitted in the form of pulses.

Line coding

4 Steps Process

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Line codes
Some line codes are given
below
NRZ Binary Code
RZ Binary
Bipolar Coding (Alternate Mark
Inversion: AMI Code)
HDB-3 (High-Density Bipolar Code )
CMI Code (Coded Mark Inversion)

PCM Standards
THERE ARE TWO STANDARDS OF PCM
NAMELY
1) THE EUROPEAN
2 ) THE AMERICAN.
THEY DIFFER SLIGHTLY IN THE DETAIL OF
THEIR WORKING BUT THE PRINCIPLES ARE
THE SAME.
EUROPEAN PCM = 30 CHANNELS
NORTH AMERICAN PCM = 24 CHANNELS
IN INDIA WE FOLLOW THE EUROPEAN PCM
OF 30 CHANNELS SYSTEM WORKING.

PULSE CODE MODULATION

Voice Frequency range 0- 4 Khz
Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz
(Double the Max. Frequency as per
sampling theorem) i.e. 8000s/sec
Sampling time period
Ts=1sec/8000
Ts= 125 microsec
Time available for sampling each
channel, when we have N total
channels=125/N
In PCM, Time
frame=125microsec ;time
available per chl=125/32

Frame Structure

TS
00

TS01
ch1

TS02
ch2

Sync

TS03
ch3

TS15
ch15

TS
16

TS17
ch16

Speech
Signalling

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

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R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

TS18
ch17

TS19
ch18

TS30
ch29

TS31
ch30

Speech

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frame
One full set of samples for all
channels taken within the duration Ts
is called a "frame". Thus the set of all
first samples of all channels is one
frame; the set of all second samples
is another frame and so on .

frame
A Frame of 125 micro sec duration has 32
time slots . Information for providing
synchronization between trans and
receive ends is passed through a separate
time slot which is called FAW .
The time slot 16 of each frame carries the
signaling data corresponding to two VF
channels only. Therefore, to cater for 30
channels, we must transmit 15 frames,
each having 125 micro-seconds duration.

Multiframe
For carrying synchronization data for
all frames, one additional frame is
used. Thus a group of 16 frames
(each of 125 micro seconds) is
formed to make a "multi-frame".
The duration of a multi-frame is 2
milliseconds.

Multiframe
The multi-frame has 16 frames of
each 125 microseconds duration.
Each of these frames has 32 time
slots carrying, the encoded samples
of all channels plus the signaling and
synchronization data.
Each sample has eight bits of
duration and each bit is of 0.488
microseconds (3.9/8 = 0.488)

E1 / 30 chl PCM / 2 Mbps

stream
We have 32 time slots in a frame; each slot
carries an 8 bit word.
The total number of bits per frame = 32 x 8
= 256
The total number of frames per seconds is
8000
The total number of bits per second is 256 x
8000 = 2048 K/bits.
Thus, a 30 channel PCM system has 2048 K
bits/sec.