CONCRETE I

Dennis Yudha P.
Muhammad Iqbal
Nadhila Ramadhani
Yuda Basya Akbar

Definition of Concrete
Concreteis acomposite materialcomposed of
coarseaggregatebonded together with a
fluidcementwhich hardens over time. Most
concretes used arelime-based concretes such
asPortland cementconcrete or concretes made
with otherhydraulic cements, such asciment fondu.
The paste, composed of portland cement and
water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and
coarse (larger) aggregates. Through a chemical
reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and
gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as
concrete.

Function of Concrete
From the first it was founded till now,
the purpose of concrete is basically
to replace using bricks for main
material to construct a building,
bridge, dam, house, road, etc.
Concrete also often used for storm
shelters due to its resistance to
water and wind.

Advantages of using concrete

It is strong, inexpensive, plentiful, and easy to make.
But more importantly, it's versatile.
It can be moulded to almost any desired shape.
Concrete is friendly to the environment. It's virtually
all natural. It's recyclable.
Concretes long life and relatively low maintenance
requirements increase its economic benefits.
It is not as likely to rot, corrode, or decay as other
building materials.
Concrete is a non-combustible material which makes
it fire-safe and able to withstand high temperatures.
It is resistant to wind, water, rodents, and insects.
Thedurability of concreteis very high.

Disadvantages of using concrete

Concrete has a relatively low tensile
strength, compared to other building
materials
Low ductility
Concrete is susceptible to cracking

Properties of Fresh
Concrete
Following are the important properties
of fresh concrete :
1. Setting
2. Workability
3. Bleeding and Segregation
4. Hydration
5. Air Entrainment

1. Setting of Concrete
The hardening of
concrete before its
hydration is known as
setting of concrete.
OR
The hardening of
concrete before it gains
strength.

Factors affecting
setting:
Following are the factors
that affect the setting of
concrete.
1. Water Cement ratio
2. Suitable Temperature
3. Cement content
4. Type of Cement
5. Fineness of Cement
6. Relative Humidity
7. Admixtures
8. Type and amount of
Aggregate

2. Workability of Concrete

Workability is often referred to as the ease with which a concrete can

be transported, placed and consolidated without excessive bleeding or
segregation.

Factors affecting concrete workability:

1. Water-Cement ratio More the water cement ratio more will be
workability of concrete
2. Amount and type of Aggregate Since larger Aggregate sizes have
relatively smaller surface areas (for the cement paste to coat) and
since less water means less cement, it is often said that one should
use the largest practicable
3. Amount and type of Cement More ratio, less workability. Since less
cement mean less water, so the paste is stiff.
4. Weather conditions
- Temperature If temperature is high, evaporation increases, thus
workability decreases.
- Wind If wind is moving with greater velocity, the rate of
evaporation also increase reduces the amount of water and
ultimately reducing workability.
5. Chemical Admixtures Chemical admixtures can be used to
increase workability.

3(a). Concrete Bleeding

Bleeding in concrete is sometimes referred as water gain. It is a
particular form of segregation, in which some of the water from the
concrete comes out to the surface of the concrete, being of the lowest
specific gravity among all the ingredients of concrete. Bleeding is
predominantly observed in a highly wet mix, badly proportioned and
insufficiently mixed concrete. In thin members like roof slab or road
slabs and when concrete is placed in sunny weather show excessive
bleeding.
Prevention of Bleeding in concrete
Bleeding can be reduced by proper proportioning and uniform and
complete mixing.
Use of finely divided pozzolanic materials reduces bleeding by creating a
longer path for the water to traverse.
Air-entraining agent is very effective in reducing the bleeding.
Bleeding can be reduced by the use of finer cement or cement with low
alkali content. Rich mixes are less susceptible to bleeding than lean mixes.

3(b). Segregation in concrete

Segregation can be defined as the separation of the
constituent materials of concrete. A good concrete is one
in which all the ingredients are properly distributed to
make a homogeneous mixture. There are considerable
differences in the sizes and specific gravities of the
constituent ingredients of concrete. Therefore, it is
natural that the materials show a tendency to fall apart.
Segregation may be of three types
Coarse aggregate separating out or settling down
from the rest of the matrix.
Paste separating away from coarse aggregate.
Water separating out from the rest of the material
being a material of lowest specific gravity.

4. Hydration in concrete
Concrete derives its strength by the hydration
of cement particles. The hydration of cement is
not a momentary action but a process
continuing for long time.
If the hydration is to continue, extra water must
be added to refill the loss of water on account
of absorption and evaporation. Therefore, the
curing can be considered as creation of a
favorable environment during the early period
for uninterrupted hydration.

5. Air Entrainment
Air entrainment reduces the density of concrete and
consequently reduces the strength. Air entrainment is
used to produce a number of effects in both the plastic
and the hardened concrete.These include:

Resistance to freezethaw action in the hardened concrete.

Increased cohesion, reducing the tendency to bleed and
segregation in the plastic concrete.
Compaction of low workability mixes including semi-dry
concrete.
Stability of extruded concrete.
Cohesion and handling properties in bedding mortars.

Properties of Hardened
Concrete
Following are the properties of
hardened concrete:
Strength of concrete
Concrete Creep
Shringkage
Water tightness (Impermeability)
Durability of Concrete

1. Strength
When we refer to concrete strength, we generally talk about
compressive strength of concrete. Because, concrete is strong in
compression but relatively weak intension andbending.Concrete
compressive strength is measured in pounds per square inch
(psi). Compressive strength mostly depends upon amount and
type of cement used in concrete mix. It is also affected by the
water-cement ratio, mixing method, placing and curing.
Factors affecting Strength of concrete:
Following are the factors that affect the strength of concrete:
1.Water-Cement ratio
2.Type of cementing material
3.Amount of cementing material
4.Type of aggregate
5.Air content
6.Admixtures

2. Creep in concrete
Concrete creep is defined as deformation of structure
under sustained load. Basically, long term pressure or
stress on concrete can make its shape change. This
deformation usually occurs in the direction the force is
being applied. Like a concrete column getting more
compressed, or a beam bending. Creep does not
necessarily cause concrete to fail or break apart. Creep
is factored in when concrete structures are designed.

Factors Affecting Creep

1.Aggregate
2.Mix Proportions
3.Age of concrete

3. Shrinkage of Concrete
Shrinkage is the volume of concrete
decrease caused by drying,
hardening, and chemical changes. It
depends mainly on the duration of
exposure. If this strain is prevented,
it produces tensile stress in the
concrete and hence concrete
develops cracks.

4. Water tightness (Impermeability)

Another property of concrete is water tightness.
Sometime, its called impermeability of concrete.
Water tightness of concrete is directly related to
the durability of concrete. The lesser the
permeability, the more the durability of concrete.
The desired low permeability in concrete is
achieved by having adequate cement, sufficient
low water/cement ratio, by ensuring full
compaction of concrete and by adequate curing.

5. Durability of Concrete
Durability of concrete might be defined as the
ability to maintain satisfactory performance over
and extended service life, or the ability to resist
its disintegration and decay. One of the chief
characteristics influencing durability of concrete
is its permeability to increase of water and other
potentially deleterious materials.
Different concretes require different degrees of
durability depending on the environment and
properties desired. Appropriate concrete
ingredients, mix proportions, and curing
practices can be adjusted on the basis of
required durability of concrete.