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Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology

University of Technology, Sydney

School of Civil & Environmental Engineering

Student : Victor Yeung


Project No : S08 097
Student No: 10240810
Bachelor of Engineering ( Civil )
Supervisor: Dr. Behzad
Fatahi

Outline of Presentation
- What is slope failure ?
- Type of landslide
- Factors causing landslide
- Slope stabilisation methods
- What is Soil Nail ?
- Construction procedure
- Quality control of Soil nailing
- SLOPE/W slope analysis software
- Case Study ( Hong Kong )
- Conclusion

Hong Kong , 1995

What is slope failure ?


- The slope can not support itself
- Gravitational and seepage forces cause disturbing force
- Soil friction provide resisting force
- If disturbing moment > resisting moment
Slope will failure ( Landslide )

China

Type of landslide
Fall type landslide
Usually occurring in rock slopes, rock displacement and rock fall
with a very fast movement.

Newcastle , Australia

Type of landslide
Slide type landslide
Slides are usually caused by mass movements that present a welldefined failure wedge and surface

Hong Kong , 1995

Type of landslide
Flow type landslide
Flow landslide is a continuous viscous slide involving soil or
rock. If material is clay or fine soil material, this flow is called
mud flow

Hong Kong , 2008


Hong Kong , 1990

Major landslide in past history


(Hong Kong & Australia)
Hong Kong
18 June 1972
Mid-level Kotewall Road. Two
high-rise residential buildings
collapsed due to large landslide
and killed 67 people
Hong Kong , 1972

Major landslide in past history


(Hong Kong & Australia)
Australia
30 July 1997
A large section of steep
mountainside
below
the Alpine Way road
collapsed in Thredbo ,
NSW. 18 people died
in this disaster.

Australia , 1997

Factors causing landslide


- Geometrical changes
- Surcharge
- Shocks and vibrations ( Earth quake, blasting)
- Change in water regime (Rainfall ,pipe leakage )
- Removal of vegetation ( Reduce tree root suction)
- Weathering ( Reduction of cohesion, desiccation )

Slope stabilisation methods


Surface protection
Shotcrete - Concrete sprayed on the slope surface
Masonry - Use stone pitching as a rigid surface cover
to prevent erosion and surface runoff.
Chunam - Cement sand mix material for surface
protection

Slope stabilisation
methods
Landslide
prevention
Soil nail
Slope reinforced by the inserting
steel reinforcing bars

Soil re-compaction

Hong Kong

Excavate loose soil and backfill


re-compaction

Soil replacement
Use other material replacing loose
soil (No-fine concrete replacement)
Hong Kong

Slope stabilisation
methods
Landslide prevention
Bio- Engineering
Use tree root or plant root to
prevent shallow slope failure

Hong Kong

Sub-surface Drainage
Reduction of pore water pressure of slope

Stone Columns
Increase average shear resistance of soil along potential slip
surface by using compacted stone

Soil Nail
What is SOIL NAIL ?

Steel bar

Centraliser

Soil nail head

Grout column

Function of Soil Nail


Provide a resisting force against slope failure

Differences of Soil nail & Soil Anchor


Soil nail
- Non-prestressed
- Faster construction time
- Maintenance on soil nail is not necessary
Soil Anchor
- Prestressed tendon
- Longer construction time
-Maintenance is necessary
(Avoid loss of prestress in tendons)

Advantages of Soil nail


- Economy
- Fast construction
- Light construction equipment

Hong Kong

- Adaptability to different soil types


- Flexibility
- Reinforcement Redundancy

Hong Kong

Construction procedure of Soil nail

1. Drilling
2. Steel bar installation
3. Grouting
4. Soil nail head construction

Quality control of Soil nail


1. Soil nail Steel bar testing
Bleeding Test

2. Bleeding test & Flow Cone test


(for Liquid grout )
3. Compressive strength test
(for harden grout)
4. Pull out & proofing Tests

Flow cone test

Soil nail Design


Slope Failure analysis
- Limit equilibrium design approach
- Factor of Safety ( FOS ) calculation
Method of analysis
- Ordinary / Swedish Method
- Bishop Method
- Janbus Method
- Morgenstern-prices Method
- Other methods

SLOPE/W slope analysis software


- Developed by GEO-SLOPE International Ltd.
- Assessing the realistic FOS

Soil nail design procedure


1. Use SLOPE/W to analysis slope stability
2. Insert soil nails in the SLOPE/W model
3. Use trial and error method to determine the potential
failure resisting force of soil nails
4. Use soil nail capacity calculation to determine bond
length , bar size, spacing and inclination angle
5. Re- analysis the slope model use final design
parameter

Design Criteria
1. Slope critical section FOS > Design requirement

2. Soil nail capacity checking must be satisfy the


design requirement

Case Study ( Hong Kong )


Background
1. Next to the sport centre , high risk (Consequence-to-life)
2. According to bore hole log record, cohesion=5kPa , Friction
angle = 38o
3. Critical section Height =12m , slope angle approximate= 60o
Location:
Hong Kong
( Shek Kip Mei Sport Centre )

Case Study ( Hong Kong )


Use bore hole log records to estimate the soil layering
Silty Sand

Bedrock

Silty Sand

Case Study ( Hong Kong )

Use Morgenstern-Prices
Method
Minimum FOS = 0.986
FOS (0.986) < 1.4 (HK
requirement)

Case Study ( Hong Kong )


Estimate potential slip surface

Slip No

FOS

1.112

0.986
(minimum)

1.157

1.367

1.572

Case Study ( Hong Kong )


After soil nail installed
minimum FOS = 1.52
FOS (1.52) >1.4 (require)

Case Study ( Hong Kong )

Case Study ( Hong Kong )


Use Trial and error method to determine the preliminary soil nail parameter

Row
A
B
C
D
E

Nail Length
Bond
(m)
Length (m)
12
12
8
8
8

3.3
3.8
4.3
4.2
5.7

Inclination
Angle
(degree)

Nail
Spacing (m)

Design
resisting
force KN

15
15
15
15
15

2
2
2
2
2

55
50
20
15
8

Case Study ( Hong Kong )


Maximum allowable tensile force of steel bar ( Final Checking )

Level
Row No.

Row E
Row D
Row C
Row B
Row A

(mPD)

58.80
56.80
54.80
52.80
50.80

Max.
Force
Allowabl T > T
Required
a
r
Horizont Force =F x S e Tensile
Bar Bar Size
Force
al
per m
Length (d)
Spacing Width F
(m)
(mm)
(m)
(kN)
L
D
S
F
Tr (kN) Ta (kN) Check
8.0
8.0
8.0
12.0
12.0

25
25
25
32
32

2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

8.00
15.00
20.00
50.00
55.00

16.00
30.00
40.00
100.00
110.00

79.66
79.66
79.66
141.62
141.62

O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.

Case Study ( Hong Kong )


Maximum allowable force between steel & grout ( Final Checking )
Force
Max.
Require Allowable
Bar Horizo Free Bond Force
d
Force
Bar
Row Level
Size (d) ntal length length per m
Length
Le
No. (mPD)
Spacing La
Width
(m)
(mm)
(m) (m)
(m) F (kN) Tr (kN) Tmax (kN)

Tmax > Tr

Row E

58.8

8.0

25

2.0

4.70

3.30

8.00

16.00

205.26

O.K.

Row D

56.8

8.0

25

2.0

4.20

3.80

15.00

30.00

236.36

O.K.

Row C

54.8

8.0

25

2.0

3.70

4.30

20.00

40.00

267.46

O.K.

Row B

52.8

12.0

32

2.0

3.80

8.20

50.00 100.00

680.06

O.K.

Row A

50.8

12.0

32

2.0

2.30

9.70

55.00 110.00

804.46

O.K.

Case Study ( Hong Kong )


Maximum allowable force between soil & grout ( Final Checking )
Effective
Vertical Stress

Force
Mobilised

sv (kPa)

Tf (kN)=
( 1.571 +
0.140 sv ) x
Le

CDG

CDG

Tf (kN)

Row E

68.00

36.65

36.65

16.00

2.29

O.K.

Row D

106.00

62.45

62.45

30.00

2.08

O.K.

Row C

144.00

93.58

93.58

40.00

2.34

O.K.

Row B

180.27

220.16

220.16

100.00

2.20

O.K.

Row A

158.57

230.92

230.92

110.00

2.10

O.K.

Row No.

Force
Total Force
F.O.S.
Require F.O.S.
Mobilised
>2
d

Tr (kN) Tf / Tr

Case Study ( Hong Kong )


Final Soil nail design summary

Level
Row No.
(mPD)

Row E
Row D
Row C
Row B
Row A

58.80
56.80
54.80
52.80
50.80

Horizont Free
Bar Bar Size
al
length
Length (d)
Spacing L
a
(m)
(mm)
(m)
(m)
8.0
8.0
8.0
12.0
12.0

25
25
25
32
32

2
2
2
2
2

4.70
4.20
3.70
3.80
2.30

Force
Require
d

Bond
Force
length
per m
Le
Width F
(kN) Tr (kN)
(m)
3.30
3.80
4.30
8.20
9.70

8.00
15.00
20.00
50.00
55.00

16.00
30.00
40.00
100.00
110.00

Case Study ( Hong Kong )


After soil nail installed , the slope stability FOS value has been increased

Slip No

FOS

1.534

1.529
(Minimum)

1.671

1.835

Conclusion
- From the Case Study , the slope stability has been significantly
improved by Soil nailing
- Limit equilibrium method using Slope/W is an accurate
approach to design soil nail walls in practice
- Soil nailing method has a simple design method and easy
construction method
- Soil nail is the most cost-efficient solution for slope
stabilisation

Thank you
Any Questions ?

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