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Measurement
Units, length, time, mass
Motion in 1 Dimension
displacement, velocity, acceleration
Vectors Quantities
adding vectors & scalars, components, dot and cross
products
Motion in 2 & 3 Dimensions
position, displacement, velocity, acceleration, projectiles,
motion in a circle, relative motion
Force and Motion: Part 1
Newtons laws, gravity, tension
Force and Motion: Part 2
Friction, drag and terminal speed, motion in a circle
M.Ahmad
9: Systems of Particles
Centre of mass, Newtons 2nd law, rockets, impulse,
10 : Rotation
angular displacement, velocity & acceleration, linear and angular
relations, moment of inertia, torque.
REGAN PHY34210
What Is Physics ?
M.Ahmad
Quantities
measurement
and
Units
of
WHY
MEASUREMENTS?
Answer:
M.Ahmad
Quantities
measurement
and
Units
of
1: MEASUREMENT
Physical quantities are measured in specific
UNITS, i.e., by comparison to a reference
STANDARD.
The definition of these standards should be
practical for the measurements they are to
describe (i.e., you cant use a ruler to measure
the radius of an atom!)
Most physical quantities are not independent of
each other (e.g. speed = distance / time). Thus,
it often possible to define all other quantities in
terms of BASE STANDARDS including length
(metre), mass (kg) and time (second).
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SI UNITS
The 14th General Conference of Weights and
Measures (1971)
chose 7 base quantities, to form the
International System of Units
(Systeme Internationale = SI)
There are also DERIVED UNITS, defined in terms
of BASE UNITS,
e.g. 1 Watt (W) = unit of Power = 1 Kg.m2/sec2 per
sec = 1 Kg.m2/s3
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System of International
(SI)units
The SI units (adopted in 1960) represent a set
of basic physical quantities.
-Second(s). The second is defined as a number
of the period of vibration of radiation from the
cesium-133 atom.
- Metre (m). The distance travelled by light in
vacuum during a time of 1/299 792 458 second.
- Kilogram (kg). Defined as the mass of a
specific platinum-iridium alloy cylinder kept at
the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures in France.
SI Units
Prefixes
1012 = Tera = T
For convenience, sometimes,
109 = Giga = G
when dealing with large or small 106 = Mega = M
units, it is common to use a prefix
3 = Kilo = k
10
to describe a specific power of 10
with which to multiply the unit. 10-3 = milli = m
10-6 = micro =
e.g.
10-9 = nano = n
10-12 = pico = p
3
1000 m = 10 m = 1E+3 m = 1 km
10-15 = femto = f
0.000 000 000 1 m = 10-10 m = 0.1 nm
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Converting Units
It is common to have to convert between different systems of units
(e.g., Miles per hour and metres per second). This can be done most
easily using the CHAIN LINK METHOD, where the original value
is multiplied by a CONVERSION FACTOR.
NB. When multiplying through using this method, make sure you
keep the ORIGINAL UNITS in the expression
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Length (Metres)
Original (1792) definition of a metre (meter in USA!) was
1/10,000,000 of the distance between the north pole and the
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Time (Seconds)
Standard definitions of the second ?
Original definition
1/(3600 x 24) of a day, 24 hours = 1day, 3600 sec per
hours, thus
86,400 sec / day, 3651/4 days per year and
From HRW, p6
31,557,600
sec
per
year.
But, a day does not have
a constant duration!
(1967) Use atomic clocks,
to define 1 second as
the time for
9,192,631,770 oscillations
of the light of a specific
wavelength (colour) emitted
from an atom of caesium (133Cs)
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Orders of Magnitude
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Ampere
Base UNITS
:
Derived Units
Symbol
Formula
SI Unit
A=wxL
m2 , cm2,
mm2
2. Volume
V=wxLx
T
3. Velocity
v=d/t
ms-1, km/s
4. Acceleration
a = d/dt (v)
o r V/t
ms-2
5. Density
=m/V
kgm-3, gcm-3
6. Pressure
p=F/A
Nm-2,
Pascal(Pa)
7. Work
W = F. d
Nm
Magnitudes
METRIC SYSTEM
PREFIXES
Factor
Decimal Representation
Prefix
Symbol
1018
1,000,000,000,000,000,000
exa
1015
1,000,000,000,000,000
peta
1012
1,000,000,000,000
tera
109
1,000,000,000
giga
106
1,000,000
mega
103
1,000
kilo
102
100
hecto
101
10
deka
da
100
10-1
0.1
deci
10-2
0.01
centi
10-3
0.001
milli
10-6
0.000 001
micro
10-9
nano
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Scientific Notations
In many areas of physics, the measurements correspond to
very large or small values of the base units (e.g. atomic
radius ~0.0000000001 m).
This can be reduced in scientific notation to the power of
10 ( i.e.,
number of zeros before (+) or after (-) the decimal place).
e.g. 3,560,000,000m
&
= 3.56 x 109 m
0.000 000 492 s = 4.92x10-7 s
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Other Examples:
5.45E+6
or
5.45 x 106
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Converting Units
25
=
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85,000m
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Accuracy
How close a measurement is to
the true value of the quantity
being measured.
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Precision
How exact a measurement is.
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Significant Figures
The significant figures in a
measurement include all of
the digits that are known,
plus one last digit that is
estimated.
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Significant Figures
The significant figures in a
measurement include all of
the digits that are known,
plus one last digit that is
estimated.
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31
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=
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85,000m
33
1 u = 1.66054 x 10-27 kg
Orders of Magnitude
It is common for physicists to ESTIMATE the magnitude of
particular property, which is often expressed by rounding up (or
down) to the nearest power of 10, or ORDER OF MAGNITUDE,
e.g.. 140,000,000 m ~ 108m,
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Dimensions
To check the consistency of equation/
validity on both side
Represent by square brackets []
What are dimension of
1. velocity
2. Acceleration
3.Density
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Rectangular component of
Vector
Estimate Example 1:
4 3
Volume of string, V d L r
3
r radius of ball 10cm/2 5cm 0.05m
2
4
3
2
2
V 0.05m 3mm L 0.003m L
3
4
3
0.05m
3
4
0
.
05
0
.
05
0
.
05
m
L 3
2
0.003 0.003m 2
0.003m
L 55.5m 60m
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d 2rh h , but h r
2
d 2rh
2
t
t ( 10 sec) 360(deg)
3600
o
(deg)
(deg)
0
.
04
360o 24 hours
24 60 60 sec
86,400
2h
Now, from trigonometry, d r tan thus r 2 tan 2 2rh r
tan 2
2 2m
4m
6
if h human height ~ 2m, then substituting, r
10
m
2
o
7
tan (0.04 ) 4.9 10
8
(accepted value for earth radius 6.4x10M.Ahmad
m!)
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