NeXt Generation Wireless

Networks: Smart Radios

Suzan Bayhan
bayhan@boun.edu.tr
http://satlab.cmpe.boun.edu.tr
http://www.cmpe.boun.edu.tr//~bayhan

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NETLAB Seminar 7 March

Outline
Problem Definition & Motivation
Software Defined Radio + Cognitive Radio
Standardization
What about Satellites?
Conclusion and References

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Motivation
Going wireless more and more...
Lack of interoperability bw. different technologies
Lack of spectrum (???)

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Spectrum Facts
Fixed Spectrum Assignment
Bandwidth is expensive and good
frequencies are taken

Recent measurements by the

FCC in the US show 70% of the
allocated spectrum is not utilized
Time scale of the spectrum
occupancy varies from msecs to
hours

SOLUTION
More clever radio
Frequency Agility----SPECTRUM SHARING
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NETLAB Seminar 7 March

Solution

Joseph Mitola 1992

Joseph Mitola 1999

radio primarily defined in

software, which supports a broad range of
frequencies, and its initial configurations can be
modified for user requirements.

SDR + Intelligence

Software Defined Radio(SDR) Cognitive Radio(CR)

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NETLAB Seminar 7 March

Outline
Problem Definition & Motivation
Software Defined Radio + Cognitive Radio
Standardization
What about Satellites?
Conclusion and References

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SDR properties
Reconfigurable
Easily Upgradeable
Responds to the changes in the operating environment
Lower maintenance cost

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If SDR technology is properly applied...

it will facilitate this single platform design, and will also
provide a path towards the realization of concepts such
as
Reconfigurability (single platform concept)
run-time reconfiguration (run-time bug fixes)
and eventually self-governed learning (cognitive)
radio.

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FINAL GOAL...
UNIVERSAL WIRELESS DEVICE
that can seamlessly handle a range of frequencies,
modulation techniques, and encoding schemes.

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Some definitions
Primary User (Licensed User)
the user which has an exclusive right to a certain spectrum band.
In other words, the license holders...
No need to be aware of cognitive users
No additional functionalities or modifications needed

Secondary User (Unlicensed User)

Cognitive-radio enabled users
Lower priority than PUs

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SPECTRUM HOLE
A spectrum hole is a band of frequencies assigned to a
primary user, but, at a particular time and specific
geographic location, the band is not being utilized by that
user.

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Definition (1)
In the 1999 paper that first coined the term cognitive
radio, Joseph Mitola III defines a cognitive radio as
A radio that employs model based reasoning to
achieve a specified level of competence in radiorelated domains.

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NETLAB Seminar 7 March

Definition (2)
Simon Haykin defines a cognitive radio as An intelligent wireless
communication system that is aware of its surrounding environment
(i.e., outside world), and uses the methodology of understanding-bybuilding to learn from the environment and adapt its internal
states to statistical variations in the incoming RF stimuli by making
corresponding changes in certain operating parameters (e.g.,
transmit-power, carrierf requency, and modulation strategy) in realtime, with two primary objectives in mind:
highly reliable communications whenever and wherever needed;
efficient utilization of the radio spectrum.

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NETLAB Seminar 7 March

Properties
Cognitive radio requirements
co-exists with legacy wireless systems
uses their spectrum resources
does not interfere with them

Cognitive radio properties

RF technology that "listens" the spectrum
Knowledge of primary users spectrum usage as a function
of location and time
Rules of sharing the available resources (time, frequency,
space)
Embedded intelligence to determine optimal transmission
(bandwidth, latency, QoS) based on primary users behavior
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Main Cognitive Functions

Spectrum Sensing
Spectrum Management
Spectrum Mobility
Spectrum Sharing

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But...

Hard to design a radio front end in software...

A single antenna with good gain across a wide
range of frequencies.

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9 levels of CR functionality

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How Does a Cognitive Radio Get So Smart?

External
Intelligence
Sources

Orient
Establish Priority

Infer on Context Hierarchy

Plan

Pre-process

Receive a Message
Read Buttons

Outside
World

Generate Alternatives
(Program Generation)
Evaluate Alternatives

Immediate
Urgent

Parse

Observe

Normal

Register to Current Time

Learn
New
States

Decide

Save Global
States

Prior
States

Act
Send a Message
Set Display

Alternate Resources

Initiate Process(es)
(Isochronism Is Key)

The Cognition Cycle

OBSERVE-ORIENT-DECIDE-ACT
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OODA loop

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SPECTRUM SENSING
Goal: Reliably detect presence of a Primary User
Different Primary Users have different sensitivity
thresholds
Three possible approaches:
1. Matched Filter
2. Energy detector
3. Cyclostationary Feature detector
Local Spectrum Sensing
Each user makes decision on a Primary User presence
based on its local sensing measurements
Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
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Outline
Introduction
Software-defined radio-Cognitive Radio

Standardization
Research Issues
References

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Standardization efforts
IEEE 802.22 WRAN
SDR Forum
GNU Radio Project
DARPA xG
JTRS

North R., Browne N., Schiavone L., Joint Tactical Radio System- Connecting the GIG to the
tactical Edge, MILCOM 2006, 23-25 Oct, 2006, Washington, DC. USA.

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FCC approves first software-defined

radio...2004
The Vanu Software Radio GSM
Base Station from Vanu can support
multiple cellular technologies and
frequencies at the same time and can
be modified in the future without any
hardware changes.
GSM + CDMA waveforms
Written in C++, running under the
Linux OS.

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IEEE Spectrum, January 2007

NETLAB Seminar 7 March

Challenges and Research Issues

Hardware
Learning Mechanisms
Routing and Upper layer Issues (Networking, QoS)
Developing spectrum sharing behaviors
Sensitive detection
Frequency assignment negotiation
Resource allocation
Security (Unintentional config..)
Integration with spectrum market
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Cross-layer design
Routing, System
Management, QoS and other
upper layer issues...

Application Layer

Optimize transmission
parameters

Transport Layer

Adapt rates through feedback

Negotiate or opportunistically
use resources

Network Layer

MAC Layer

Physical Layer

OFDM transmission
Spectrum monitoring
Dynamic frequency selection,
modulation, power control

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Analog impairments compensation

NETLAB Seminar 7 March

Some SDR platforms

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Outline
Problem Definition & Motivation
Software Defined Radio + Cognitive Radio
Standardization
What about Satellites?
Conclusion and References

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What about satellites!!!

How can satellites take role in the game?
Or can they?

Satellite knowledge chunk in Mitolas book (2000)

Software Radio in Space Segment by Catherine Morlet,
European Space Agency (ESA), 2006.
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WAND (softWare rAdio techNology in

space segment stuDy)
Software Radio in Space Segment Final Report v1.1
20 April 2006
Alcatel Alenia Space France (FR)
Alcatel Alenia Space Espana (SP)
Atos Origin (SP)
Carlo Gavazzi (IT)

The introduction of Software Radio Technology at the satellite level has particular
interest for:
Improving the functionalities of a payload/repeater.
Introducing standard updates.
Modifying the mission of a payload/repeater.
Introducing new concepts (e.g. adaptative coding and modulation).
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Satellite Lifetime ~ 10-15 years

Standards and associated algorithms are going to
evolution during this period putting the satellite in risk of
obsolescence during its lifetime period.

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Other issues
Intelligence in satellite
Spectrum Manager(!) Can it be logical?
Policy Updates by satellites (Broadcasts)

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Simulation Scenario
A 1000 m X 1000 m area
Some WLAN users
Some SUs (mobile)
High Altitude Platform
decides on frequency and
other transmission
parameters based on feedback from the SUs and the
policies from LEO or
Command Center.

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Performance Evaluation
Effect of number of SUs
Overall Throughput
SU Throughput
Interference by SUs
Spectrum Utilization

RESULTS COMING SOON!

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To conclude...
More efficient use of spectrum (may decrease cost of the
services like GSM calls)
Flexibility (Interoperability)
Dreaming of a universal device!

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References
S. Haykin, "Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications," IEEE Journal Selected
Areas in Communications, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201 - 220, 2005.
J. Mitola III, Software radios survey, critical evaluation and future directions, IEEE AES Systems
Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 25-36, Apr. 1993.
I.F. Akyldz, W-Y.Lee, M.C. Vuran, S.Mohanty,NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum
access/cognitive radio wireless networks: A survey, Computer Networks Journal (Elsevier), vol.
50, pp. 2127-2159, September 2006.
David Scaperoth, Cognitive Software Defined Radio: Applications of Cognitive SDR using the
GNU Radio and the USRP, 09/09/05.
http://www.cognitiveradio.wireless.vt.edu/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=research:radio_hw_sw
http://web.syr.edu/~ejhumphr/
http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Cognitive/publications.htm
Neli Hayes, JTRS Specification: The past, the present, and the future..., MILCOM 2005.
J. Powell, Public safety perspectives on cognitive radioPotential and pitfalls, presented at the
Conf. Cognitive Radios, Technology Training Corporation, Las Vegas, NV, Mar. 1516, 2004.
J. D. Shilling, FCC rulemaking proceeding on cognitive radio technologies, presented at the
Conf. Cogn. Radios, Technol. Training Corp., Las Vegas, NV, Mar. 1516, 2004.IEEE Spectrum,
January 2007.

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Thank You!

Questions?
bayhan@boun.edu.tr
www.satlab.cmpe.boun.edu.tr

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