Heat Transfer

Basic Mechanisms

What is heat?

A form of energy
Can be measured
Requires a temperature
gradient to flow
The energy transferred
is measured in Joules
(BTU).
The rate of energy transfer, more
commonly
called
HEAT
TRANSFER, is measured in
Watts (BTU/hr)

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Units and Dimensions

S.I Units ( System International d Unites)

Mass in Kgs
Newton = Will accelerate a 1 kg mass 1 m /sec 2
Joule = Work or energy = Newton Metre
Power= rate of Heat Transfer = Joules /sec
IMPORTANT
No thermal Unit like Calorie or BTU In SI System
Calorie will raise 1 gm of water 1C at 20 C
BTU lb of water at 1F at 68F

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Units and Dimensions

Conversion
1BTU= 1055 Joules
1 Kcal= 4182 Joules
F= 9/5 C + 32
K= C + 273.16
R=9/5 K

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Force
= N (Newton)
Mass
= kg (kilogram)
Time
= s(second)
Length = m (metre)
Temp.
= C or K
Energy = J (Joule)
Power
= W (Watt)
Thermal Conductivity = W/m.K
H.T Coefficient = W/m2 K
Heat Flux = W/ m2
Specific heat = j/kg.K

HEAT

Heat- Concept
How

does Heat and Thermodynamics

differ?
Both deal with heat energy.
Thermodynamics is concerned with
the transition to different states of
equilibrium and the quantity of heat
movement.
Heat transfer is concerned with the
rate of heat transfer and its duration.
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Thermodynamics and Heat

Transfer

Example: a hot steel bar in water

Thermodynamics

will tell us the final

steel bar-water temperature and the
heat required to attain equilibrium
Heat Transfer would tell us the time
required to attain equilibrium and the
temperature of the steel bar after a
period of time before equilibrium is
reached
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What is heat?

Heat = Energy Transferred when two bodies with

different temperatures are brought in contact.

Note:

Heat is not temperature. Heat flows or heat is

transferred owing to temperature difference.
Temperature is a measure of kinetic energy of atoms or
molecules, but NOT of transferred energy (i.e. heat).
Heat may be converted to another form of energy: when
heat is added to a tank of ideal gas, the kinetic energy of
gas molecules increases.
Kinetic energy can be converted to heat: rubbing your
hands vigorously.

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What is heat ?
Heat will always be
transferred from HOT to
COLD independent of the
mode.
The rate of heat transfer is
a vector and has both
direction and magnitude.
The sign +/associated
with the rate of heat
transfer is dependant upon
the frame reference and the
selected coordinate system.

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Modes Of Heat Transfer

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
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Conduction

Molecular Motion .

Molecules of higher energy

impart that energy to adjacent
molecules of lesser energy by
motion.

Migration of free electrons

This is primarily associated with

pure
metals having free electrons in
the
outer
shellsFebruary
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Conduction
Occurs in both solids and Stationery fluids

Conduction is at transfer through solids or stationery

fluids. When you touch a hot object, the heat you
feel is transferred through your skin by conduction.
Two mechanisms explain how heat is transferred by
conduction: lattice vibration and particle collision.
Conduction through solids occurs by a combination
of the two mechanisms
Heat is also conducted through stationery fluids by
molecular
collisions
between
freely
moving
molecules. The mechanism is identical to the
electron collisions in metals.

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Heat Conductions (Solids)

Conduction by lattice vibration

In solids atoms are bound to each other by a series of bonds, analogous to
springs When there is a temperature difference in the solid, the hot side of
the solid experiences more vigorous atomic movements. The vibrations are
transmitted through the springs to the cooler side of the solid. Eventually,
they reach an equilibrium, where all the atoms are vibrating with the same
energy

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Heat Conduction (metals)

Conduction by particle collision

Metals, have free electrons, which are not bound to any particular atom and can
freely move about the solid. The electrons in the hot side of the solid move faster
than those on the cooler side. As the electrons undergo a series of collisions, the
faster electrons give off some of their energy to the slower electrons. Eventually,
through a series of random collisions, an equilibrium is reached. Conduction through
electron collision is more effective than through lattice vibration; this is why metals
generally are better heat conductors than ceramic materials, which do not have
many free electrons

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Convection

Convection implies transfer of heat by

transport of macroscopic elements

Often the fluid motion

adjacent to the solid
surface assists in the
transfer of energy

IMP : If there is no fluid motion then heat

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Convection

Two Types of
Convection

a) Forced Convection

Fluid motion is induced by an

external
source such as a fan or
pump
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Convection

b) Natural
Convection

Heating a fluid results in natural convection heating

The temperature gradient in the fluid creates

variations in density within the fluid. The colder fluid
(heavier) will sink, and the hotter fluid (lighter) will
rise.

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Convection

Air will circulate due to natural convective heating

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Radiation

Thermal radiation is unique mode of

heat transfer. This mode requires no
medium for the transport of heat.
Energy can be radiated from a body
over a wide range of wavelengths.

Thermal radiation is only a small portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum where radiation
occurs due to temperature difference or
thermal heating.
Thermal radiation is considered to be from
Infrared light to Ultraviolet light (10-1 mm to
102 mm)
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Radiation
Radiant energy at different
wavelengths

Shorter wavelength
More energy
Higher frequency

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