Hc phn 1:

C hc vt rn tuyt i

Nhng khi nim m u

1.1. Chuyn ng v c hc
Chuyn ng l s bin i trng thi ca mt
i tng no theo thi gian.
Chuyn ng n gin nht l s bin i theo
thi gian v v tr khng gian ca mt tp hp
im no di tc dng ca mi trng.
Khoa hc nghin cu quy lut chuyn ng
gi l c hc.
C hc ng dng l mt lnh vc ca c hc.
1.2. Lc, khng gian v thi gian
im vt cht gi l cht im, tp hp cc cht
im c chuyn ng ph thuc vo nhau gi

Lc l i lng vc t c trng cho tc dng t

ng h v mt c hc gia hai cht im hay c
h .
Vi mt c h, lc gm: Ni lc v ngoi lc.
Khng gian v thi gian c tnh cht tuyt i
khng ph thuc vo vt cht v chuyn ng .
1.3. M hnh nghim cu
- M hnh kho st: im v vt rn tuyt i
( khng ch n tnh cht ca i tng ang xt
)
- im l m hnh ca nhng i tng m kch thc
, hnh dng c th b qua trong bi ton c xt.
- VRT l vt rn m khong cch gia hai im
bt k lun khng i.
1.3.1. To m rng ca c h

- V tr ca mt i tng i vi mt h quy chiu

chn trc c xc nh bi mt tp hp s l
thng s nh v.
- Tp hp cc thng s nh vi xc nh v tr ca
im, vt hoc h vt gi l to m rng.
- S ta m rng v d
z

m( x, y, z )
(s )

xa

x
z
m

ym
ya

xa

(s )

o
xa

xm

m( x, y, z )
(s )

xa

x
z
m

ym
ya

xa

(s )

o
xa

xm

II. tnh hc
Chng 1: cc khi nim c bn v cc nh
lut tnh hc
1.1. Cc khi nim c bn
1.1.1.H lc
H lc l tp hp nhiu lc tc dng ln mt vt
rn.
V d v k hiu:
Hp lc ca h lc l mt lc duy nht tng ng
vi mt h lc.
V d v k hiu:
H lc cn bng l h lc m di tc dng ca n
vt rn t do nm trng thi cn bng.
Trng thi cn bng ca mt vt rn l trng thi
ng yn ca n so vi mt vt rn khc c chn
lm h qui chiu.

1.2.Cc nh lut tnh hc

nh lut 1: iu kin cn v mt vt rn
nm cn bng di tc dng ca hai lc l hai lc
cng ng tc dng, ngc chiu v cng cng .
V d:
nh lut 2: Tc dng ca h lc khng i nu
ta thm vo hoc bt i h hai lc cn bng
H qu (nh l trt lc)
nh lut 3: Hai lc tc dng ti mt im tng
ng vi mt lc tc dng ti im v c vc t
bng vc t ng cho ca hnh bnh hnh c
hai cnh l hai vc t lc ca cc lc cho.
nh lut 4: Lc tc dng v phn tc dng gia
hai vt c cng cng , cng ng tc dng, hng
ngc chiu nhau.

nh lut 6: Vt rn chu lin kt, cn bng c

th c xem l vt rn t do cn bng bng cch
gii phng tt c cc lin kt v thay th tc dng
ca cc lin kt c gii phng bng cc phn lc
lin kt thch hp.
1.3. Lin kt v phn lc lin kt
Lin kt im ta
-Lin kt im ta l lin kt m tip xc l im
hoc ng.
- Phn lc kin kt ti ch tip xc hng theo phng
php tuyn chung ca hai b mt tip xc.
n

- Phn lc lin kt bao gi cng hng theo phng

gy lin kt.
n

Lin kt gi con ln

n
t1

Lin kt dy mm

t2

-Phn lc lin kt hng theo

phng ca dy v c chiu hng ra ngoi mt ct.
Lin kt bn l (tr, cu, ci)
z

r
ya

ya

o
a

a
xa

xa
x

Lin kt thanh
Lin kt ngm

za
3

1
s1

s2

s3

my
Xa

mx
a
mz

ya

Chng 2:

h lc

2.1. H lc ng quy phng

2.1.1. nh ngha
H lc c ng tc dng i qua mt im gi l
h lc ng quy. Nu ng tc dng ca cc lc
cng nm trong mt phng ta c h lc ng quy
phng.
2.1.2. Dng ti gin
Cho h ng quy phng c n lc
S dng nh l trt lc a gc ca cc vc t lc
v im ng quy.
S dng nh lut 3 bin i h lc ng
quy phng thnh mt lc t ti im ng
quy.
Hp lc ca h lc ng quy c biu din bng

2.1.3. iu kin cn bng

H lc ng quy phng cn bng khi v ch khi
vc t chnh ca h lc trit tiu.
V d
2.2. H ngu lc
2.2.1. Ngu lc
2.2.1.1. Khi nim
H hai lc song song, ngc chiu v cng cng
to thnh mt ngu lc
Trong mt phng xc nh ngu lc c biu
din bng m men i s.
Trong khng gian ngu lc c biu din bng
vc t m men. 2.2.1.2. Bin i tng ng
ngu lc
Hai ngu lc nm trong cng mt mt phng, c

Trong khng gian hai ngu lc c cng vc t m

men th tng ng vi nhau.
2.2.2. H ngu lc
Tp hp cc ngu lc tc dng ln mt vt rn gi
l h ngu lc.
2.2.2.1. Thu gn h ngu lc
Hp cc ngu lc trong mt phng l mt ngu
n
lc nm trong mt phng
cho, c m men i
s
mk ca cc ngu lc trong
s bng tng m menmi
k 1
h.

2.2.2.2. iu kin cn bng

H ngu lc phng cn bng khi v ch khi tng
m men i s ca cc ngu lc trong h trit tiu.
V d:

2.3.1.Vc t chnh v m men chnh ca h lc

phng

2.3.1.1. Vc t chnh ca h lc phng

V

Vc t chnh ca mt h lc phng, k hiu l

, bng tng cc vc t lc ca h lc.
Vc t chnh c th xc nh bng phng php
vc t hoc ta cc.
2.3.1.2. M men chnh ca h lc phng i vi
mt im

mO ( F ) F .d

M men ca mt lc i viOmt im O l mt
O
i lng i s, k hiuF
d
d
F

 M men chnh ca h lc phng i vi mt

im
M men chnh Mca
mt h lc phng i vi mt
O
im O l mt lng i s, k hiu
bng tng
n
lc ca
h i vi im
m men ca cc
O.

M O mO ( F1 ) mO ( F2 ) .... mO ( Fn ) mO ( Fk )
k 1

V d
- Tnh Mo ca mt h lc phng.
Nhn xt:
- Vc t chnh l vc t t do c gi tr khng
i vi mi h lc, m men chnh ph thuc vo
im ly m men
- M men chnh ca h lc ng quy ly i vi
im ng quy bng 0.

2.3.2. Thu gn h lc phng

2.3.2.1. nh l di lc song song

F
Lc

t ti A tng ng
vi tc dng ca n
t ti B v mt ngu lc c F
m men bng m men
vi B

ca
t ti A i

F( A) [ F( B ) , mB ( F( A) )]

F'

Chng minh:
A

F
A

m mB (F )

v mt im
2.3.2.2. Thu gn h lc phng
F ,F ,F
1

Gi s c mt h lc gm 3 lc (
) thu
ln lt tng
lc v O (theo nh l di lc song
V c mt h lc ng quyMphng
O
song) ta
v mt

f1
m1

f2

mo

m2

m3

f1
f 12

f3

f3

f2
v
v

nh l: H lc phng bt k tng ng vi mt
lc v mt ngu lc t ti
mt im tu cng

( M Ot)ng
nm trong mt phng tc(V dng
ca h lc,
)
ng l lc thu gn
v ngu lc thu gn
2.3.2.3. Cc dng chun ca h lc phng

Tip tc thu gn h ngu lc phng

ta
M Oc
0 cc
V 0
dng chun sau:

V 0

MO 0

- H lc phng cn bng khi tn ti ng thi

v

M O 0 thu gn v mt ngu khi

V lc
0 phng
- H

f1
m1

f2

mo

m2

m3

f1
f 12

f3

f3

f2
v
v

MO
Mv
+ V 0
(t cch

O 0
V phng h mt
khong
v pha ph thuc
M O vo chiu Vca
m men chnh
).
mo =0
O

mo

v
O

h = MO / V

2.3.2.4. iu kin cn bng ca h lc phng

iu kin cn bng: iu kin cn v h
lc phng cn bng l vc t chnh v m men
im bt k phi
chnh ca h lc i vi mt
V 0
ng thi trit tiu.
MO 0

Cc dng phng trnh cn bng

- Dng 1: iu kin cn v h lc phng
cn bng l tng hnh chiu cc lc ln hai trc
to vung gc v tng m men ca cc lc i
n
n
n
vi mt im bt k
phi ng thi
trit tiu.

F
k 1

kx

F
k 1

ky

k 1

(Fk ) 0

- Dng 2: iu kin cn v mt h lc
phng cn bng l tng hnh chiu ca cc lc
ln trc v tng m men ca cc lc i vi hai
im A v B tu phi ng thi trit tiu. Vi
n
n
n

iu kin l AB khng vung

gc vi .

F
k 1

m
k 1

(Fk ) 0

m
k 1

(Fk ) 0

- Dng 3: iu kin cn v mt h lc
phng cn bng l tng m men ca cc lc i
vi ba im A, B v C tu
khng thng
hng phi
n
n
n

trit tiu.
m (F ) 0
m (F ) 0

m
k 1

(Fk ) 0

k 1

k 1

 V d:
2.3.2.5. Bi ton cn bng ca h lc phng vi
lin kt ma st
Khi nim v ma st trt
Cho hai khu A v B lin kt vi nhau nh hnh v.
N
Rm
Kho stRvt A.N
A
A
P2 P3
P1
F
F
Q

S1
B
B
Cc lc tc dng ln A gm: Q, N, P

Q
S2 S3

- Khi P = P1 nh vt A ng yn tn ti lc ma
st
- Khi P = P vt chm chuyn ng, F ma st t

Tip tc tng P = P3 vt A s chuyn ng nhanh

dn. Phng ca S3 nm ngoi gc ma st.
Bi ton cn bng ca h lc phng vi lin kt
ma st trt.
V d:
- Bi ton vt i ln mt phng nghing
-Bi ton vt i xung mt phng nghing
2.4. H lc khng gian
H lc khng gian l tp hp nhiu lc nm bt k
trong khng gian.
2.4.1. Vc t chnh v
vc t m men chnh ca
n

h lc khng gian

V Fk

Tng t nh h lc phng,
vc t chnh ca h
k 1
lc khng gian l mt vc t t do:


v mt im OFta
(0)
v mt ngu
c) vc t m men
m
(
F
0

Khi di song song mt

F( I ) lc

c mt lc
l

m0 ( F )

O
I

Khi thu h lc khng gian v mt im O ta c V

mt vc t chnh

MO

v mt vc t m men chnh

bng
2.4.2. iu kin cn
V 0

MO 0

Ta vit c 6 phng trnh cn bng ( 3 phng

trnh m men v 3 phng trnh hnh chiu)