Geologi

Struktur
Primary and
Secondary
Structure
Depok, September 2016

Tim Dosen :
Reza Syahputra
Albert Septario Tempessy
Twin Hosea W. Kristyanto
Asisten: Rieza Rachmat
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424

OUTLINE
Sebelum UTS
Pendahuluan
Struktur geologi dibagi
menjadi dua (primer dan
sekunder)
Strain
Stress
Kekar
Sesar Normal
Sesar Naik

GEOLOGI STRUKTUR
SEPTEMBER 2016

Setelah UTS

Sesar geser
Perlipatan
Kelurusan citra jarak jauh
Arc method, balancing cross
section, fencing diagram
Primary Deformational Zone,
Moody & Hill, Riedl Shear
Strike line, penampang dan
stereografi pada peta
Subduksi, obduksi, divergen

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Course-2 Outline
Line and Plane Structure
1. Quadrant of direction
2. Strike and Dip
3. Plunge and Azimuth
. Primary Structure
1. Definition
2. Origin in rocks
. Secondary Structure
1. Definition
2. Origin in rocks (Sedimentary,Metamorphic, Igneous)
3. Their extracted information related structural topic

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STRUCTURES CATAGORIES
3 Types of Fundamentals Structures:
Contacts: boundaries that separate one rock body from
another (normal depositional contacts, unconformities,
intrusive contacts, fault & shear zone)
Primary Structures: develop during the formation of a rock
body
Secondary Structures: reflect subsequent deformation or
metamorphism

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Line and Planar Structure

Many of the structures that we can observe in
seismic lines, cores, or in outcrops can be
approximated by lines and planes
Line structure is structures that occur in
linear-shaped without any planar element,
and formed during structural processes
Planar structure is structures that occur
with spacious element
Generally, Line and Planar structure are
combined in formed in terms of geological
processes

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Quadrant of Direction

QUADRANT 4

QUADRANT 3

QUADRANT 1

QUADRANT 2

Quadrant: Four quarters of the cardinal directions; e.g., NE, SE, SW, NW. Compasses in the U.S.
predominantly use quadrants in which each quarter is divided into 90 increments beginning with 0 at
both N and S and 90 at both E and W
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Common Terms in Structural Orientation

Attitude: the orientation in space of a structural element; e.g., bed,

fault, lineation, etc. The attitude of a planar structure is expressed by
its strike and dip; the attitude of a line is expressed as trend and
plunge.
Bearing (azimuth): The horizontal angle between a line and a
specified coordinate direction, e.g., north, etc., or in degrees from 0360.
Strike: The bearing of a horizontal line contained within an inclined
plane. The strike is a line produced by the intersection of a horizontal
and inclined plane. Measured relative to north in quadrant space.
Dip (): The vertical angle between an inclined plane and a horizontal
line that is perpendicular to the strike line.

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Common Terms in Structural Orientation

(cotd)

(Trend of) Dip direction: The bearing of a line that is perpendicular

to the strike line that points to the dip direction.
Trend: The bearing of a line. Non-horizontal lines trend in the downplunge direction.
Plunge: The vertical angle between a line and horizontal.
Pitch or rake: The angle measured within an inclined plane between
a horizontal line (the strike line) and the line in question. (Measured
with a protractor.)
Apparent Dip (): The vertical angle between an inclined plane and
a horizontal line that is NOT perpendicular to the strike of the plane.
For an inclined plane, the apparent dip is ALWAYS LESS THAN
THE TRUE DIP. Apparent dip, therefore, really defines the inclination
of a line and may be expressed with a trend and plunge or by its pitch
(or rake).

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Linear and Planar Structure

Microscale Structure

Linear structure across

plagioclast

Micro structural identification from

SEM

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Linear and Planar Structure

Mesoscale Structure

More boudin shapes

(Davis and Reynolds,
1996)
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SEPTEMBER 2016

Different boudin shapes (Stromg

1973)
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Linear and Planar Structure

Mesoscale Structure

Joints and bedding

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Curviplanar Bedding
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Linear and Planar Structure

Macroscale Linear
Structure

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PRIMARY STRUCTURE

Structures that form during or shortly after

the deposition of rocks, and are not an
immediate consequence of deformation
Nontectonic structures
Depositional, penecontemporaneous,
intrusive, and gravity-slide structures for
both sedimentary and igneous rocks

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Sedimentary Structures

Bedding = layering = stratification

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Sedimentary Structures
Convolute Structures

Loadcast Structures

Graded
bedding
Structures

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Crossbed Structures

Parallel
Lamination
Structures

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Sedimentary Structures

Each strata should contains

their own stories, described by
gelogists interpretation
Complete Bouma Sequence

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Sedimentary Structures

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Sedimentary Structures For

Paleocurrent
Groove Cast Structures
Flute Cast Structures

Crossbed Structures

Ripple mark

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SECONDARY STRUCTURE

Secondary rock structures are imposed on

rocks by events (compression or stretching)
experienced by rocks after their original
formation.

In this rock, the white layer has

been tightly folded.

GEOLOGI STRUKTUR
SEPTEMBER 2016

In this rock, the white layer has

been tightly folded.

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Origin in rocks
(Sedimentary,Metamorphic, Igneous)
Secondar
y
Structure
s in
Sediment
ary rocks
Secondar
y
Structure
s in
Metamorp
hic rocks
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Structures
in igneous
rocks

Which one the primary

and secondary
structure?
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How do we define the structural

Attitude

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Here's an experiment you can

perform to reproduce this effect:
Take a flat piece of paper
(1); compress it horizontally into a
fold
(2); then compress the fold
vertically to form a 'folded fold'.
(3). (Compressive forces are
indicated by BLACK arrows.)
Try it! You can do it!, Of course,
for a rock to be deformed into a
folded fold, the environment must
be such that the rock will respond
'plastically' to the compressional
forces.
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This apparent
random
swirl
of lines can be
resolved into a
'folded
fold'.
(Photo:
Geological
Survey,
Government of
Newfoundland
and Labrador)

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Principle of Cross Cutting

The principle of cross-cutting relationships is one of geology's principles that can help us
identify the order in which geological events happened based on the relations of structural
elements.

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Terima Kasih
GEOLOGI STRUKTUR
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

GEOLOGI STRUKTUR
SEPTEMBER 2016

UNIVERSITAS
INDONESIA

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EXERCISE
Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Define their episode(s) (Maximum in 1.5

pages of paper)
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SEPTEMBER 2016

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