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Surface Facility
Course Introduction
Chapter 4.1
Pumps
Course Content
Outline
1. General Considerations
2. Centrifugal Pumps
3. Positive Displacement Pumps
4. Pump System Design
5. Other Practical Considerations
6. Multiphase Pumps
General Considerations
Pressure Head
Head:
The vertical distance between two horizontal levels in a liquid
A measure of the pressure exerted by a column or body of
liquid because of the weight of the liquid
Since a pump may be installed above, at, or below the surface
of the source of supply, the pump must be able to overcome
the net static head in order to pump from one elevation to
another
General Considerations
Pressure Head
NET STATIC
HEAD
STATIC
DISCHARGE
HEAD
STATIC SUCTION
PRESSURE
PUMP
General Considerations
BERNOULLIS THEOREM
The Bernoulli equation is a special statement of the
general energy equation
Work added to the system is referred to as pump head
(h)
Losses from the system are referred to as head loss
(hL)
Pressure (lbf/in2) is a form of work
Strictly Mechanical Energy so we get the equation:
P1 + PE1 + KE1 + WK = PE2 + KE2 + WKFRIC
+ P2
General Considerations
Bernoullis Equation
z : Elevation (ft)
p : Pressure (lb/ft2)
: Density (lb/ft3)
V : Velocity (ft/sec)
g : acceleration (32.2 ft/sec2)
SG : Specific gravity [-]
P = 0.434
[psi]
[psi/ft]
hP
[ft]
SG
[-]
General Considerations
Types of Pumps
Pumps are divided into two fundamental types
based on the manner in which they transmit
energy to the pumped media:
1. Kinetic
2. Positive displacement
General Considerations
Types of Kinetic Pumps
General Considerations
Types of Positive Displacement Pumps
Course Content
Outline
1. General Considerations
2. Centrifugal Pumps
3. Positive Displacement Pumps
4. Pump System Design
5. Other Practical Considerations
6. Multiphase Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
There
Pump
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Open Impeller
enclosed or shrouded
Impeller
Centrifugal Pumps
Impeller
Centrifugal Pumps
Pump motor
Centrifugal Pumps
Actual head rise (ha)
: Fluid density
Centrifugal Pumps
Power gained by the fluid
Expressed in horse power (water horse power)
Density [lb/ft3]
ha
Head in [ft]
Munson, Young and Okiishi (2002)
Centrifugal Pumps
Overall efficiency,
Centrifugal Pumps
Pump performance characteristic
Centrifugal Pumps
Pump performance characteristic
Centrifugal Pumps
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
s
suction
NPSHR:
required
NPSH,
denoted that must be maintained,
or exceeded, so that cavitation
will not occur
NPSHA:
available
NPSH
represents the head that actually
occurs for the particular flow
system
Munson, Young and Okiishi (2002)
Centrifugal Pumps
Available (NPSHA)
For
proper
operation
pump
Cavitation Damage
Impeller inlet blades cavitation on a suction side.
As bubbles flow from low pressure to higher, they implode against metal
surfaces. These micro-hammer-like impacts erode the material, creating
cavities thus cavitation
Centrifugal Pumps
Example 4.1
A centrifugal pump is to be placed above a large, open water tank, as shown in
figure, and is to pump water at a rate of 0.5 ft 3/s. At this flowrate the required net
positive suction head, NPSHR, is 15 ft, as specified by the pump manufacturer. If the
water temperature is ,80 F and atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi, determine the
maximum height, that the pump can be located above the water surface without
cavitation. Assume that the major head loss
Assume that the head loss by fittings
between the tank and the pump inlet is
due to filter at the pipe inlet having a
loss coefficient of KL=20. Other losses
can be neglected. The pipe on the
suction side of the pump has a diameter
of 4 in.
Consider that the water vapor pressure
at 80F is 0.5069 psia and =62.22 lb/ft3
Munson, Young and Okiishi (2002)
Centrifugal Pumps
Example 4.1 - Solution
The available net positive suction head, is given by the equation
Centrifugal Pumps
Example 4.1 - Solution
The maximum value for will occur when Thus
Centrifugal Pumps
System Characteristics and Pump Selection
The energy equation between point 1 and 2 is
Centrifugal Pumps
System Characteristics and Pump Selection
Centrifugal Pumps
Example 4.2
Water is to be pumped from one large, open tank to a second large, open tank as
shown in Figure. The pipe diameter throughout is 6 in. and the total length of the
pipe between the pipe entrance and exit is 200 ft. Minor loss coefficients for the
entrance, exit, and the elbow are shown on the figure, and the friction factor for the
pipe can be assumed constant and equal to 0.02.
A certain centrifugal pump
having the performance
characteristics shown in
next slide is suggested as a
good pump for this flow
system. With this pump,
what would be the flowrate
between the tanks? Do you
think this pump would be a
good choice?
Munson, Young and Okiishi (2002)
Centrifugal Pumps
Example 4.2 Pump Curve
Centrifugal Pumps
Example 4.2 - Solution
Application of the energy equation between the two free surfaces, points (1) and (2)
With p1=p2=0, V1=V2=0, z2-z1= 10ft. f=0.02, D=6/15 ft. And l=200 ft. The energy
equation become:
Centrifugal Pumps
Example 4.2 - Solution
Fluid velocity
(Eq. 4)
Munson, Young and Okiishi (2002)
Centrifugal Pumps
Example 4.2 - Solution
Centrifugal Pumps
Example 4.2 - Solution
Another concern is whether or not the pump is operating efficiently at the operating
point. As can be seen from previous figure, although this is not peak efficiency,
which is about 86%, it is close 1about 84%2. Thus, this pump would be a
satisfactory choice, assuming the 1600 galmin flowrate is at or near the desired
flowrate.
The amount of pump head needed at the pump shaft is
for a given
Model
Casing size (volute)
Impeller rotational speed
(Source: City College of New York,
Department of Civil Engineering)
impeller
speed
System
curve
efficiency
contours
Possible operating
points
Figure 15.15
Course Content
Outline
1. General Considerations
2. Centrifugal Pumps
3. Positive Displacement Pumps
4. Pump System Design
5. Other Practical Considerations
6. Multiphase Pumps
N1[rpm]
N2[rpm]
hp
GPM
The PCP pump is comprised of a rubber stator and a rotating metal rotor
Sucction
Rotor
Discharge
Stator
Homokinetic
Joint
coupling excentrical
axle
Bearing
Seal
12 is referring to 2
stage, in general one
stage will rise the
pressure in about 180
psi (90psi each stage)
Model V can rise in a
larger value.
www.seepex.com/fileadmin/userfun
ctions/download.php?file=DIN_e_2
013_03.pdf
Maximum
Power
Course Content
Outline
1. General Considerations
2. Centrifugal Pumps
3. Positive Displacement Pumps
4. Pump System Design
5. Other Practical Considerations
6. Multiphase Pumps
2 pumps
hP2 = 2hP1
hP
q2 = q1
1 pump
GPM
Head
Flow
500
500x2 = 1000
52
Case A
Case B
head, ft
h0 = 1000 ft
Flow, gpm
500
500x2 = 1000
head, ft
Flow, gpm
1000
500
550 !?
Course Content
Outline
1. General Considerations
2. Centrifugal Pumps
3. Positive Displacement Pumps
4. Pump System Design
5. Other Practical Considerations
6. Multiphase Pumps
Intake Distance
Course Content
Outline
1. General Considerations
2. Centrifugal Pumps
3. Positive Displacement Pumps
4. Pump System Design
5. Other Practical Considerations
6. Multiphase Pumps
Introduction
Introduction
Conventional Oil Production
Conventional oil production involves the separation of the gas and
liquid phases at some point before sending he production to a
gathering or processing facility.
Gas
Pipeline
Compressor
Gas
From Wells
Well Test
Separator
Separator
Liquid
Oil
Pipeline
Tank
Pump
Introduction
Multiphase Production Systems
Multiphase production systems eliminate the need of separation and
instead boost the produced stream directly to the gathering facility. A
muItiport valve diverts the production from each well to a multiphase
flow meter.
From Wells
Multiphase
Flow Meter
To Main
Station
Multiphase
Pipeline
Multiphase
Pump
Introduction
Multiphase Production Systems
Advantages and Disadvantages:
By eliminating this equipment, the cost of a multiphase pumping
facility is about 70% that of a conventional facility (Dal Porto, 1996)
and significantly more savings can be realized if the need for an
offshore structure is eliminated altogether.
Increased production through lowering backpressure on wells.
Elimination of vapor recovery systems
Reduction in footprint of operations
However, multiphase pumps do operate less efficiently (30-50%,
depending on Gas volume fraction and other factors) than
conventional pumps (60- 70%) and compressors (70-90%).
Introduction
Multiphase Production Systems
Rotodynamic
Helico-Axial
Side Channel
Multi Stage
Centrifugal Pump
Operational Ranges
Operational Envelop
Question