ADVANCE MACHINE DESIGN

Lecture -1
Basic Concept of Machine
Design

What is design ?

Design is either to formulate a plan

for the satisfaction of a specific
need or to solve a specific problem
and create something which has
physical reality.

What is machine
design ?

The use of scientific principles,

technical
information
and
imagination in the description of a
machine or a mechanical system to
perform specific functions with
maximum economy and efficiency.

Types of design

Adaptive design - Based on existing design

example, standard products or systems
adopted for a new application. Conveyor
belts, control system of machines and
mechanisms or haulage systems are some of
the examples where existing design systems
are adapted for a particular use.
Developmental design - Here we start
with an existing design but finally a modified
design is obtained. A new model of a car is a
typical example of a developmental design .

an entirely new one but based on

existing scientific principles. No
scientific invention is involved but
requires creative thinking to solve a
problem. Examples of this type of
design may include designing a small
vehicle for transportation of men and
material on board a ship or in a desert.
Some research activity may be
necessary.
Rational design -This is based on
determining the stresses and strains of
components and thereby deciding

empirical formulae which in turn is

based on experience and experiments.
For example, when we tighten a nut on
a bolt the force exerted or the stresses
induced cannot be determined exactly
but experience shows that the
tightening force may be given by
P=284d where, d is the bolt diameter
in mm and P is the applied force in kg.
Industrial design - These are based
on industrial considerations and norms
viz. market survey, external look,
production facilities, low cost, use of

Factors to be consider
in machine design

1. Functionality
2. Strength/stress
3. Distortion/deflection/stiffness
4. Wear
5. Corrosion
6. Safety
7. Realiability
8. Manufacturability
9. Utility
10. Cost
11. Friction
12. Weight
13. Life

14. Noise
15. Styling
16. Shape
17. Size
18. Control
19. Thermal properties
20. Surface
21. Lubrication
22. Marketability
23. Maintenance
24. Volume
25. Liability
26.Remanufacturing/resource
recovery

Basic procedure of
machine design

Market survey

Steps to design a
machine element

Design analysis and

synthesis

Design synthesis is defined as the process of creating or selecting configuration, materials, shapes and dimensions for a
product.
It
is
a
decision
making
process
with
the
main
objective
of
optimisation.
Design analysis, the designer assumes a particular mechanism, a particular material and mode of failure for the component.

Design Tool and

Resources

Microcomputers and robust computer software

packages provide tools of immense capability for the
design, analysis and simulation of mechanical
components.
Resources can range from science/engineering textbook
to manufacturers brochures or catalogs. Here to
computer can play a major role in gathering
information.
Computational Tools CAD (Aries, Auto CAD,
CadKey, I-Deas, Unigraphis, Solid Works, ProEngineer
etc.)
Technical Information
Libraries, Government sources, Professional societies,
Commercial vendors, Internet

Standards in design
Where systems and methods are standardised
Uniform
Standardization is defined as obligatory norms, to
which various characteristics of a product should
conform.
IS 210 specifies seven grades of gray cast iron FG
150, FG 200, FG 220, FG 260, FG 300, FG 350 and FG
400.
IS 1570 specifies chemical composition of various
grades of alloy steel. Ex. 55Cr3 (0.5-0.6% carbon,
0.10-0.35% silicon, 0.6-0.8% chromium, 0.6-0.8%
manganese).

 Objective :- reduce the variety and limit the

number of items to a reasonable level.
Advantages:1. Reduction in types of dimensions
2. Reduce the manufacturing facilities required
3. Easy to replace
4. Reduce the time and effort needed to
design a new machine
5. Improve the quality and reliability.

Preferred size
Preferred numbers are used to specify
size of the product.
Basic series R5, R10, R20, R40 & R80
Series factor- 1.58, 1.26, 1.12, 1.06 &
1.03
Derived series R 10/3 (1.......,1000)
R 20/4(......,8,......)
R 20/3 (200,.......)
R 20/3(........200)