Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DIFFERENCE
In-Equality
Marginalisation Fear
CONSENSUS TO
CONFLICT
CONTENT
1. Cities of Differences
I. In-equality
II. Marginalisation
III. Fear
1. The Politics Of Urban Diferrence
.Consensus To Conflict
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INTRODUCTION
The worlds population is rapidly urbanizing. The signs are inescapable. In the early 1800s,
roughly three per cent of the worlds population lived in cities. Today the proportion is well over
half, and in the next fifty years will increase to two thirds. In 2011 there were 480 cities with
populations exceeding one million as compared to just 80 in 1950. More than three billion people
currently reside in urban centers and this figure is expected to rise to five billion by 2050.
Perhaps most striking is the fact that virtually all population growth in the coming decades will
occur in low- and middle-income settings. Global population growth is overwhelmingly
concentrated in marginal urban and surrounding periphery contexts, especially slums.
Cities are not only critical nodes of governance in the global North
and South, but also play a 'critical role in the processes of state
consolidation, transformation and erosion' (Beall, Goodfellow and
Rodgers 2013: 1). Indeed, as Tilly (2010) argued, the changing
relationships between cities and states can help us understand the
centrality of cities in such processes.
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CITIES OF DIFFERENCE
In-Equality Marginalisation - Fear
The Major factors affecting the Cities and its development is the sociological aspects of the city
Social inequalityis the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards
for differentsocialpositions or statuses within a group or society. Two
approaches exist to explain why poverty exists. One explanation is to blame
the poor; the other is to blame society.
Social Marginalisation or exclusion is the process in which individuals
or people are systematically blocked from (or denied full access to) various
rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members
of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration within
that particular group (e.g., housing, employment, healthcare, civic
engagement, democratic participation,).
Culture offear(or climate offear) Socialogical Fear is the concept that
people may incitefearin the general public to achieve political goals
through emotional bias. It is also a term applied to the workplace.
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IN-QUALITY
City Of Diferrences : In-equality - Marginalisation - Fear
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Social inequality is
theexistenceof unequal
opportunities and rewards for
different social positions or
statuses within a group or
society. Let's examine some
causes and effects of poverty
and test our knowledge with a
quiz.
Addressing inequalities is
INQUALITY
important not only for
economic growth,
development and
Millennium Development
Goal (MDG) achievement
but also from a peace and
security perspective.
Horizontal inequalities
increase the risk of violent
conflict, and violence and
conflict can worsen
inequalities. This paper
analyzes how inequalities,
violent conflicts, and the
relation between them, are
holding back development,
adding to the arguments
for addressing them in the
post-2015 framework.
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INQUALITY
Evidence that various inequalities
economic, political, cultural,
gender and those related to
security, justice and social
services can heighten group
grievances and lead to conflict in
diverse contexts around the
world. For example, access to
social services has fuelled intergroup hostility in Kosovo; gender
inequality has perpetuated
violence against women in
Melanesia; political exclusion has
underpinned destabilizing protests
and violence in Yemen; and
unequal security and justice
provision has deepened conflict
divides in many countries across
Africa and South and Central Asia.
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INQUALITY
This evidence is strong enough for
policy makers to take action on
inequality even though more
research is needed on particular
types of inequality, for example
those related to gender, security
and justice. There needs to be a
focus on strengthening the
relations among groups to build
confidence and mitigate the
divisions that can lead to conflict,
violence and underdevelopment.
This can be achieved through
addressing inequality through
inclusion, fairness,
responsiveness, accountability to
all social groups, and measures to
strengthen inter-group relations.
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INQUALITY
City Of Diferrences
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INQUALITY
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The reasons why addressing inequalities is also important from a peace and
security perspective. It will present evidence of the effect that various types
of horizontal inequalities have on violent conflict and suggest ways how this
can be accounted for in the post-2015.
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INQUALITY
The Concept
The predominant form of violent
conflict has changed dramatically in
recent decades, from national armies
fighting each other (inter-state wars);
to armies fighting for independence,
separation or political control (intrastate or civil wars); to various forms
of violence, involving non-state
actors, such as rebels, gangs and
organized crime (World Bank, 2011).
There are countless little wars with
no front lines, no battlefields, no
clear conflict zones and no
distinctions between combatants and
civilians (Reno, 2011). Violence might
involve rag-tag rebels, gangs,
organized crime and high homicide
rates. In fact, in a number of Central
American countries, homicide rates
are higher presently than during their
civil wars (World Bank, 2011).
SOURCE:ADDRESSING HORIZONTAL INEQUALITIES AS DRIVERS
OF CONFLICT IN THE POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT
AGENDA
Henk-Jan Brinkman (United Nations Peacebuilding Support
Office)
Larry Attree (Saferworld)
Saa Hezir (Columbia University)
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INQUALITY
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INQUALITY
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CASTE SYSTEM
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INQUALITY
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VS.
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INQUALITY
Any questions
prior to the
social
inequality?
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MARGINALISATIO
N
City Of Diferrences : In-equality - Marginalisation - Fear
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WHAT IS
MARGINALISATI
ON?
Marginalization is
forcing a person or a
particular group of a
particular society to be
away from the
mainstream of the
society by denying him
or it all the rights and
opportunities for
developing himself or
itself by getting
education and
participating in such
developmental
activities.
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MARGINALISATION
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MARGINALISATION
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MARGINALISATION
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MARGINALISATION
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MARGINALISATION
Individual discrimination
Social Discrimination
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MARGINALISATION
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MARGINALISATION
Gender
Gender discrimination
Discrimination or
or
Gender
Gender bias
Bias is denying some
particular gender groups the
rights and opportunities that
are enjoyed by some other
gender groups of the same
society only because they
belong to this particular
gender. Hence, if a person who
belongs to a particular gender
is denied an opportunity
because that person doesnt
deserve it on the basis of the
qualifying criteria, it cannot be
called gender discrimination
or
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gender bias.
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MARGINALISATION
Racial Discrimination
discrimination is
denying some particular racial
groups the rights and
opportunities that are enjoyed
by some other racial groups of
the same society only because
they belong to this particular
race. Hence, if a person who
belongs to a particular race is
denied an opportunity because
that person doesnt deserve it
on the basis of the qualifying
criteria, it cannot be called
racial discrimination.
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MARGINALISATION
Cast
is denying
Cast discrimination
Based Discrimination
some particular cast groups
the rights and opportunities
that are enjoyed by some other
cast groups of the same
society only because they
belong to this particular cast.
Hence, if a person who belongs
to a particular cast is denied an
opportunity because that
person doesnt deserve it on
the basis of the qualifying
criteria, it cannot be called
cast based discrimination. Cast
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Based Discrimination
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MARGINALISATION
Religious
Religious discrimination
Discrimination is
denying some particular
religious groups the rights and
opportunities that are enjoyed
by some other religious groups
of the same society only
because they belong to this
particular religion. Hence, if a
person who belongs to a
particular religion is denied an
opportunity because that
person doesnt deserve it on
the basis of the qualifying
criteria, it cannot be called
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religious discrimination.
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MARGINALISATION
Linguistic Discrimination
Linguistic discrimination is
denying some particular
Linguistic groups the rights
and opportunities that are
enjoyed by some other
linguistic groups of the same
society such getting education
in their own mother tongue.
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MARGINALISATION
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MARGINALISATION
Then What is Positive
Positive
Discrimination is some
Discrimination?
special privileges and
reservation offered to the
marginalized groups, in
different developmental areas
like education, employment,
administration etc. to fetch
them, too, into the mainstream
of the society. It is also known
as compensatory
discrimination on the argument
that they were marginalized on
account of different historical
and social factors
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MARGINALISATION
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MARGINALISATION
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MARGINALISATION
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Article 14
Actually
Says
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MARGINALISATION
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Hence
Article 14
Does say
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MARGINALISATION
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Nothing in this article or in clause ( 2 ) of Article 29 shall prevent the State from making
any special provision for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward
classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes ( clause ( 2 ) of
Article 29 says that no citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution
maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion,
race, caste, language or any of them)
So the Indian Constitution says that the state shall not misinterpret the main clause
of the Article 15 and clause (2) of the Article 29 for denying the special provision for
the marginalized ones.
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So Article 30 ensures that the people of Minority groups also get enough opportunity
for gaining proper education so that to be a part of the mainstream .
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MARGINALISATION
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MARGI
NALISA
TION
City Of Diferrences
Fairly comparable to
exclusion, marginality
is also an awkward term
which has been
used in manifold and
varied ways. Although it is
frequently applied in the
field of urban studies,
it has a rather fuzzy
history and, as a
consequence, it has even
been argued that the
term lacks specificity and
precision and this makes
its use as a scientific tool
questionable
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FEAR
City Of Diferrences : In-equality - Marginalisation - Fear
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FEAR?
Culture of
fear(orclimate of fear)
is the concept that people
may incitefearin the
general public to achieve
political goals through
emotional bias.
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FEAR?
FEAR?
FEAR?
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FEAR?
The Palestinian and Israeli conflict is
one such example. Each side is
trapped in the past. Other examples
include the history of the slave trade
here in America, and the annihilation
of Native American cultures. The
collective consciousness of such a
people can become dominated by an
overwhelming fear. Numerous studies
have indicated that Blacks are
preoccupied with fear of government
conspiracies against then. Whites fear
a Black unity that may demand and
achieve retribution. The mere
mention of these examples will most
likely make the reader uncomfortable;
the power of prejudice and its
underlying fear is real.
SOURCE:ADDRESSING HORIZONTAL INEQUALITIES AS DRIVERS
OF CONFLICT IN THE POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT
AGENDA
Henk-Jan Brinkman (United Nations Peacebuilding Support
Office)
Larry Attree (Saferworld)
Saa Hezir (Columbia University)
11/11/2016
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FEAR?
The Palestinian and Israeli conflict is
one such example. Each side is
trapped in the past. Other examples
include the history of the slave trade
here in America, and the annihilation
of Native American cultures. The
collective consciousness of such a
people can become dominated by an
overwhelming fear. Numerous studies
have indicated that Blacks are
preoccupied with fear of government
conspiracies against then. Whites fear
a Black unity that may demand and
achieve retribution. The mere
mention of these examples will most
likely make the reader uncomfortable;
the power of prejudice and its
underlying fear is real.
SOURCE:ADDRESSING HORIZONTAL INEQUALITIES AS DRIVERS
OF CONFLICT IN THE POST-2015 DEVELOPMENT
AGENDA
Henk-Jan Brinkman (United Nations Peacebuilding Support
Office)
Larry Attree (Saferworld)
Saa Hezir (Columbia University)
11/11/2016
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TO BE
CONTINUED
CONSENSUS TO
CONFLICT
City Of Diferrences : In-equality - Marginalisation - Fear
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CONSENSUS
TO CONFLICT
The conflict helix is a process of conflict
which originates in the sociocultural space
of meanings, values, norms, status, and
class. It is at one time a structure, the
opposition of attitudes, at another a
situation, the opposition and awareness of
different interests. It may be latent until the
will initiates action, or resolved through
abnegation or resignation of interests. Or it
may be manifest as opposing interests
strive to overcome and balance each other.
In any case, conflict eventuates in a balance
of interests, capabilities, and wills--in a
structure of expectations enabling solidary
and contractual interactions, producing
order, and ensuring correct social
predictions. But eventually such structures
and changes in the underlying balance
become incongruent, leading to disruption
by some trigger event. A new process of
conflict then ensues, resolving in a new
balance that is built on the previous ones.
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