Chapter 35

An Age of Anxiety
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovawR2Y4
ixs&feature=related
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Era of Innovation

The lost generation (Gertrude Stein)

Disillusionment after WW I
Pessimism over idea of human progress

Spengler, Decline of the West

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Loss of a Moral Compass

weakness of democracy
Religion discredited

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

Existentialism

Formative years of Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980),

Albert Camus (1913-1960)

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Relativism in the Physical

World

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3Wc2boxdYE

Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976)

Theory of Special Relativity

Neither time nor space absolute values, vary with
observer
Link to video on Einstein:
The Uncertainty Principle
Link to uncertainty:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjgQ55IMPig

Concepts extended to humanities, social sciences

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The Soul Explained?

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

The life of the subconscious mind

Repression of sexual desires, fears

Interpretation of Dreams
Free Association
Application to mythology, religion, literature, art,
etc.
Links to videos on Freud:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_AXSd4wxgM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iX8F8sW4hCg&feature=related
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Retreat from Realism in Art

Photography makes realism irrelevant

Art as creation, not reproduction
Retreat to abstraction

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

Links to videos on Picasso:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkRS3wDg1xU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7z2o3j-4y9U&featur
e=related

Influence of non-western styles

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Mechanization of
Architecture

The Bauhaus

Director: Walter Gropius (1883-1969)

Form follows function

Square, lifeless, but efficient
Skyscrapers
glass boxes
International Style

Loved by business, government

Link to video on Bauhaus:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MwCrYeMX8cs
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European Origins of the Great

Depression

Austria/Germany borrow money from USA to pay

war debts to France and England
France, England pay debts owed to USA for WWI
System dependent on flow of cash from USA
Investors begin to pull out in 1928
Link to video on the Depression:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gplaqa2yRgg

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New Technologies and the Great

Depression

Single-export countries devastated by

declines due to new technology

Reclaimed rubber destroys rubber-based

economies of Dutch East Indies, Malaysia,
Ceylon

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Agricultural Surpluses and the

Great Depression

Overproduction in 1920s
Strongest harvests in 1925, 1929
Wheat lowest price in 400 years

Farm income drops

less demand for manufactured goods
inventory surpluses

The Dust Bowl, mid-late 30s

Link to a video on the Dust Bowl:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2CiDaUYr90&feature=related
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Black Thursday (24 October

1929)

Stock purchases on margin (3%)

Hints of slowdown in Europe

Snowball effect

Life savings lost

Black Thursday

investors begin to sell

11 Suicides

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJpLMvgUXe8&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLnDPntfNFw&feature=related
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US Economic Collapse

Inventory surplus leads to layoffs

Layoffs lead to decreased demand, businesses fail
1932 industrial production of 1929 levels
44% of US banks out of business

Deposits lost

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World Economic Collapse

Hardest hit: countries dependent on export

of manufactured goods for essentials

Japan

Single-export countries

South America

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Initial Government Attempts to

Increase Demand

Brazil

surplus of coffee beans set on fire, used to build

highways

USA: planned scarcity

Vegetables, fruits and animals destroyed

Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath
Link to video on Steinbecks book:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=6iKM8MTB2ls&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqaTv8cCWeg
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New US Strategies

Laissez-faire, planned scarcity approaches fail

John Maynard Keynes, economist

Stimulate economy by lowering interest rates

encouraging investment, employment

The New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Links to FDR Fireside chats on economy:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXY7TkrPPzI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFvrL_nqx2c&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVEAuBDdE00&feature=related

WWII Spending
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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The Bolshevik Revolution

October/November 1917
Soviets take over
Disband Constituent Assembly
All Power to the Soviets!

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War Communism, 1918-1922

Rapid collectivization
Confiscations
Massively unpopular, Lenin backtracks in 1921
New Economic Policy (NEP) partial privatization
of the economy

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New Economic Policy (NEP)

Promotion of Agriculture
Promotion of Industry
Kulaks and speculation
one step backward, two steps forward

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Lenins Death

Lenins Stroke (1922) and death (1924)

Triumvirate:

Stalin
Bukharin
Trotsky

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Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

Yosef Vissarionovich Dzugashvili

Nom de guerre: man of Steel,

Georgian
Mothers influence leads to Orthodox seminary
education
Leads Soviet Union by 1928

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Stalin and Industrialization

the Great Leap Forward

Socialism in One Country
Massive collectivization of agriculture

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The Ukrainian Famine of

1932-33

a Terror-Famine?

Ukrainians
Don Region

De-kulakization
The Law of Socialist Property
when you cut down a forest, splinters will fly

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The Purges

mechanics of a purge

confession
the show-trial
punishment

Massive scope: 8 million Soviet citizens in labor

camps by 1939
euphemisms: wreckers, saboteurs

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Life in the Gulag

internal exile
the possibility of escape
forced labor
living conditions
trial and re-trial

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The Growth of European

Fascism

From fasces, Roman symbol of authority

Axe surrounded by wooden rods

Originates with Benito Mussolini

Influenced Europe, Asia, Latin America

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Fascism: Common Elements

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Primacy of state over individual

Distrust of democracy: the Fhrerprinzip
Hostility to Communism
Chauvinistic
Militaristic

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Fascism in Italy

Poor showing of post-WWI Italian government

Public disappointed with weak territorial gains

Economic and social turmoil

Mussolini, former newspaper editor, electoral successes in

1921
March on Rome October, King Emmanuel III offers him prime
ministership
1926 seizes power as Il Duce, the leader

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Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and the

Nazi Party

1921 becomes Chairman of the National Socialist

German Workers Party (Nazis)
Attempts to overthrow government in 1923

Writes autobiography Mein Kampf in jail, massively

popular

Capitalizes on public discontent with post-war era

War guilt clause

Reparation payments
Inability of major parties to come to consensus
Anti-semitism
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Consolidation of Power

Nazis become single largest party in parliament,

1930-1932
Weak president Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934)
appoints Hitler as Chancellor
Suppresses opposition, abrogates constitutional
and civil rights

Makes the Nazis the sole legal party

Destroyes train unions
Purges judiciary, civil service of perceived enemies
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The Racial State

Theories of racial superiority, racial purity

Policies of eugenics

Compulsory sterilization of 30,000 Germans

Abortions illegal for healthy Germans, mandatory for
hereditary ill and racial aliens
Euthanasia program kills 200,000 people with
physical or mental handicaps between 1939-1945

Precursors to massacres of Jews, gypsies

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Anti-Semitism

Influence of 19th-century racism

1935 Nuremburg laws define Jew on racial basis

Prohibits marriages between Jews and non-Jews

Removal of Jews from civil service, schools
Liquidation of Jewish-owned businesses or purchase
by non-Jews

Kristallnacht: major country-wide pogrom on

Jews, November 9-10, 1938

night of broken glass

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