DATA COMMUNICATION

Data and Signal

STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO :

Explain what is Data
Distinguish between data and signal
Distinguish between analog and digital signal
Explain the difference between time and
frequency domain representation of signal
Specify the bandwidth of signal
Explain the Bit interval and bit rate of a Digital
Signal

OUTLINE OF THE LECTURE

Data and Data Types
Analog and Digital Data
Signal and Signal Types
Examples of Analog and Digital Signals
Periodic signal Characteristics
Time and Frequency domain representation
Spectrum and Bandwitdh of a Signal
Propagation Time and Wavelength

DATA AND DATA TYPES

What is Data
Data is an entity that conveys some meaning
based on same mutally agreed up
rules/conventions between a sender and a
receiver.
Data Type
Data can be analog and digital

ANALOG DATA
Analog Data have continous values over time
Example analog data : Voice and video
Physical parameter : Data collected from the real
world with the help of tranducers are continuous
valued and analog in nature

DIGITAL DATA
Digital data take on discrete values
Example of Data Digital
Text or character strings
Data store in memory, say CD, have two discrete
values, which can be representated as 0 and 1

SIGNAL AND SIGNAL TYPES

What is Signal ?
It is Electric , Electrical and optical
representation of data, which can be sent over a
communication media.
Signal types : Analog and digital
Analog Signal has continuous (infinite number
of) values over a periode of time
Example of analog signal : a microphone convert
voice data into voice signal, which can be sent a
pair of a wire
Example of digital signal : digital signal can have
only a limited of defined values, usually 0 and 1

ANALOG SIGNAL
Analog signals can be classified as simple and
composite
Example of simple analog signal is a sine wave
A composite analog signal consists of combination
of multiple simple signals.

PERIODIC SIGNAL
A signal is periodic if s(t+T) = s(t), for -<t<,
where T is the time period.
A periodic signal is characterized by the following
three parameters. Amplitude, Frequency, Phase
Amplitude : Value of signal at different instants
of time, measured in volts.
Frequency : it is inverse of the time period. It is
measured in Hertz
Phase : it gives a measure of the relative position
of two signal in time, expressed in degrees or
radian.

UNITS OF THE PARAMETER

Amplitude : Volts (V), mV, KV
Frequency : Hertz (Hz), KHz, MHz, THz
Time period : second (s), ms, s, ns, ps
Phase : degrees (360) or radian (2)

TIME AND FREQUENCY DOMAINS

An electromagnetic signal is commonly a
composite signal made up of many frequencies
According to fourier analysis, any composite
signal can be expressed as a combination of
simple sine wave with different amplitudes,
frequencies and phases.
S(t) = A1sin(2f1t + 1) + A2sin(2f2t + 2) + ...

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
Frequency spectrum of a signal is the range of
frequencies a signal contains
Example : A square wave

BANDWIDTH

Range of frequency over which most of the signal

energy of a signal contained is known as
bandwitdh or effective bandwidth of the signal.
The term most is somewhat arbitrary.

DIGITAL SIGNAL
Bit Interval : it is the time required to send a
single bit
Bit Rate : it is the number of bit intervals per
second (bps)

ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL

A digital signal can be considered as a signal
with an infinite number of frequencies
Digital transmission requires low-pass channel
Analog transmission requires band-pass channel

PROPAGATION TIME AND

WAVELENGTH
Propagation time : time required for a signal to
travel from one point of transmission medium to
the other.
Propagation time = Distance/Propagation Speed
Wavelength : Distance occupied in space by a
single period
Wavelength = Propagation speed x Periode
= Propagation speed / Frequency