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Chapter 1 Thermodynamics
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics
is the study of
energy
relationships that
involve heat,
mechanical work,
and other aspects
of energy and
heat transfer.
Central Heating
A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
A system is a closed environment in
which heat transfer can take place.
(For example, the gas, walls, and
cylinder of an automobile engine.)
Work done
on gas or
work done
by gas
INTERNAL ENERGY OF
SYSTEM
The internal energy U of a system is the
total of all kinds of energy possessed by
the particles that make up the system.
+ U
WORK DONE
ON A GAS
(Positive)
ho
t
Qout
-U
Decreas
e
WORK DONE
BY EXPANDING
GAS: W is
positive
ho
t
HEAT LEAVES A
SYSTEM
Q is
negative
THERMODYNAMIC STATE
The STATE of a
thermodynamic system is
determined by four factors:
Absolute Pressure P in
Pascals
Temperature T in Kelvins
Volume V in cubic
meters
Number of moles, n, of working
gas
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
Increase in Internal Energy,
U.
Wout
Qin
Initial
State:
P1 V1 T1 n1
Heat input
Work by gas
Final State:
P2 V2 T2 n2
Initial
State:
P1 V1 T1 n1
Work on gas
Loss of
heat
Final State:
P2 V2 T2 n2
Q = U + W
final - initial)
SIGN
CONVENTIONS FOR
FIRST LAW
Heat Q input is
positive
Work BY a gas is
positive
Work ON a gas is
negative
Heat OUT is negative
Q = U + W
+Qin
+Wout
U
-Win
U
-Qout
final - initial)
APPLICATION OF FIRST
LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
Q = U + W
Q = U + W
U = Q - W
U = Q - W
= (+400 J) - (+120 J)
= +280 J
Wout =120 J
Qin
400 J
U = +280 J
The increase in
internal energy
is:
Wout =120 J
Qin
400 J
U = +280 J
FOUR THERMODYNAMIC
PROCESSES:
Isochoric
Isochoric Process:
Process:
VV =
= 0,
0, W
W=
= 00
Isobaric
Isobaric Process:
Process:
PP =
= 00
Isothermal
Isothermal Process:
Process: TT =
= 0,
0, U
U=
= 00
Adiabatic
Adiabatic Process:
Process:
Q
Q=
= 00
Q = U + W
ISOCHORIC PROCESS:
CONSTANT VOLUME, V = 0, W =
0
0
Q = U + W
so that
Q = U
QIN
+U
QOUT
No Work
Done
-U
ISOCHORIC EXAMPLE:
No Change in
volume:
P1
PA
TA
PB
TB
V1= V2
400 J
Heat input
increases P
with const.
V
ISOBARIC PROCESS:
CONSTANT PRESSURE, P = 0
Q = U + W
But
W = P V
QIN
+U
QOUT
Work
Out
-U
Work
In
VA
TA
400 J
Heat input
increases V
with const.
P
V1
VB
TB
V2
ISOBARIC WORK
P
VA
TA
400 J
V1
V2
TB
PA = P B
Work P V
VB
ISOTHERMAL PROCESS:
CONST. TEMPERATURE, T = 0, U
=0
Q = U + W
W
QIN
U =
0
Work
Out
ANDQ =
QOUT
U = 0
Work
In
A
B
PB
U = T =
0
PAVA =
PBVB
V2
V1
Slow compression at
constant
temperature: ----No change in U.
U
PB
U = T = 0
VA
VB
400 J of energy is
absorbed by gas as 400
J of work is done on gas.
T = U = 0
PAVA = PBVB
TA = TB
Isothermal
Work
VB
W nRT ln
VA
ADIABATIC PROCESS:
NO HEAT EXCHANGE, Q = 0
Q = U + W ; W = -U or U = -W
U = - W
W = -U
U
Work
Out
Q =
+U
Work
In
ADIABATIC EXAMPLE:
PA
A
B
PB
V1
Insulated
Walls: Q =
0
Expanding gas
does work with
zero heat loss.
Work = -U
V2
ADIABATIC EXPANSION:
PA
PB
PAVA
TA
PBVB
TB
Q = 0
VA
VB
400 J of WORK is done,
DECREASING the
internal energy by 400
J: Net heat exchange is
ZERO. Q = 0
A A
B B
PV PV
Q
c
m t
For example, copper: c = 390 J/kgK
Q = nCv T
Q = (2 mol)(21.1 J/mol K)(373 K - 273 K)
Q = +4220 J
Q = U = nCv T = 4220 J
U = mCv T
Q = U + W
Q = 4220 J + J
Q = 5220 J
Same
Cp >
Cv
U = mCvT
For constant pressure
Q = U + W
nCpT = nCvT + P V
Cp > Cv
Cp
Cv
Q = U + W
PAVA
TA
PBVB
TB
U = mCv T
ADIABATIC EXAMPLE:
Example 1: A diatomic gas at 300 K and
1 atm is compressed adiabatically, decreasing
its volume by 1/12. (VA = 12VB). What is the
new pressure and temperature? ( = 1.4)
PB
Q = 0
VB
PAVA
PBVB
PAVA = PBVB
A
PA
VA
TA
TB
PB
Q = 0
PAVA = PBVB
300 K
1
atm
12VB
PB PA
VB
A
VB 12VB
Solve for
PB:
V
PB PA
V
B
1.4
PB (1 atm)(12)
1.4
PB = 32.4 atm
or 3284 kPa
Q = 0
1
atm
B TB=?
300 K
A
VB 12VB
PAVA PBVB
TA
TB
Solve for
TB
32.4
atm
Q = 0
810 K
300 K
1
atm
A
8 cm3
96 cm3
W = - U = - nCV T &
K
Find n
from point
A
PV =
mRT
Since Q =
0,
W = - U
PV
RT
W = - U = - nCV T
W = - 3.50 J
32.4
atm
810 K
300 K
1
atm
A
8 cm3
96 cm3
HEAT ENGINES
Hot Res. TH
Qhot
Engine
Qcold
Cold Res. TC
Wout
A heat engine is
any device which
through a cyclic
process:
Qhot
Wout
Engine
Qcold
Cold Res. TC
It is impossible to
construct an engine that,
operating in a cycle,
produces no effect other
than the extraction of heat
from a reservoir and the
performance of an
equivalent amount of
work.
400 J
100 J
Engine
Hot Res. TH
400 J
400 J
Engine
300 J
Cold Res. TC
A possible engine.
Cold Res. TC
An IMPOSSIBLE
engine.
EFFICIENCY OF AN ENGINE
Hot Res. TH
QH
Engine
QC
Cold Res.
TC
QC
QH
EFFICIENCY EXAMPLE
Hot Res.
TH
800 J
Engin
e
600 J
Cold Res.
TC
600 J
800 J
e = 25%
EFFICIENCY OF AN IDEAL
ENGINE (Carnot Engine)
Hot Res.
TH
QH
Engin
e
QC
Cold Res.
TC
TC
TH
Summary
The First Law of Thermodynamics: The
net heat taken in by a system is equal
to the sum of the change in internal
energy and the work done by the
system.
Q = U + W
final - initial)
Isochoric Process:
0
V = 0, W =
Isobaric Process:
P = 0
Isothermal Process: T = 0, U =
0
Summary (Cont.)
Units
The Molar
Q
are:Joules per c =
Specific
n T
mole per
Heat
capacity, C: Kelvin degree
The following are true for ANY process:
Q = U + W
PAVA PBVB
TA
TB
U = nCv T
PV = nRT
Summary (Cont.)
Hot Res.
TH
Qhot
Engin
e
Wout
Qcold
Cold Res.
TC
CONCLUSION: Chapter 20
Thermodynamics