1.A.

SONET FRAME
1.B. ATM CELL
1.C. IP PACKET
1.D. FIBER CHANNEL FRAME
Assignment 02
Submitted
By
ISTARLA RAHUL DEV
164610

1.A. SONET Frame Structure

The basic SONET frame is as shown in figure.
signal is known as Synchronous Transport Signal
Level-1 (STS-1).
It consists of 9 rows of 90 bytes i.e. a total of 810 bytes.
It is transmitted from left to right and top to bottom.
Actual transmission takes place serially i.e. the left
most byte in the top row is transmitted, then the second
byte in the first row and so on.

SONET Frame Structure

 After the 90th byte in the first row the left most
byte in the second row is transmitted and it
goes on.
One more point to be noted is that msb is
transmitted first and the numbering of bits in a
byte is as shown in figure-3.
The frame length is 125s (i.e. 8000 frames
per second). The STS-1 has a bit rate of
51.84Mbps. The frame for the lowest SDH rate
STM-1 contains 270 columns by 9 rows.

1.B. ATM Cell Structure

The ATM cell is the basic unit of information
transfer in the B-ISDN ATM communication.
The cell is comprised of 53 bytes. Five of the
bytes make up the header field and the
remaining 48 bytes form the user information
field.
The following is the structure of the Network
Node Interface (NNI) ATM Cell Header

 Generic Flow Control (GFC) :

GFC = Generic Flow Control (4 bits) (default: 4-zero bits)
Although the primary function of this header is the physical access
control, it is often used to reduce cell jitters in CBR services, assign
fair capacity for VBR services, and to control traffic for VBR flows.
Such functionality requires the power to control any UNI structure, be
it a ring, a star, some bus configuration, or any combination of these.

 Virtual Channel Identifier :

The Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) defines the virtual
channel within the specified virtual path for this particular
cell.
Just as with VPIs, VCIs are also discovered during the
connection setup process for switched virtual circuit (SVC)
connections and manually configured for permanent virtual
circuit (PVC) connections.
The VCI length of 16 bits allows up to 65,536 different
virtual channels for each virtual path. VCIs 0 to 15 are
reserved by the ITU and VCIs from16 to 32 are reserved by
the ATM Forum (for each virtual path).
These reserved VCIs are used for signalLing, operation and
maintenance, and resource management.

 Virtual Path Identifier :

The Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) defines the virtual path for this particular
cell.
At the UNI, the VPI length of 8 bits allows up to 256 different virtual
paths.
VPI 0 exists by default on all ATM equipment and is used for
administrative purposes such as signalling to create and delete dynamic
ATM connections.

Header Error Check :

The Header Error Check (HEC) field is an 8-bit field that allows an ATM
switch or ATM endpoint to correct a single-bit error or to detect multi-bit
errors in the first 4 bytes of the ATM header.
Multi-bit errored cells are silently discarded. The HEC only checks the
ATM header and not the ATM payload.
Checking the payload for errors is the responsibility of upper layer
protocols.

 Payload Type Indicator :

The Payload Type Indicator (PTI) is a 3-bit field. Its bits are used as follows:
The first bit indicates the type of ATM cell that follows. A first bit set to 0
indicates user data; a bit set to 1 indicates operations, administration &
management (OA&M) data.
The second bit indicates whether the cell experienced congestion in its
journey from source to destination.
The third bit indicates the last cell in a block for AAL5 in user ATM cells.
For non-user ATM cells, the third bit is used for OA&M functions.

Cell Loss Priority :

The Cell Loss Priority (CLP) field is a 1-bit field used as a
priority indicator. When it is set to 0, the cell is high
priority and interim switches must make every effort to
forward the cell successfully.
When the CLP bit is set to 1, the interim switches
sometimes discard the cell in congestion situations. The
CLP bit is very similar to the Discard Eligibility (DE) bit in
Frame Relay.

1.C. IP PACKET
Internet Protocol being a layer-3 protocol (OSI) takes data
Segments from layer-4 (Transport) and divides it into
packets.
IP packet encapsulates data unit received from above layer
and add to its own header information.

The encapsulated data is referred to as IP Payload. IP header

contains all the necessary information to deliver the packet
at the other end.

 Version: 4 bits. The Version field indicates the format of the

internet header. This document describes version 4.

IHL: 4 bits
Internet Header Length is the length of the internet header in 32 bit
words, and thus points to the beginning of the data. Note that the
minimum value for a correct header is 5.

 Type of Service: 8 bits. The Type of Service provides an indication of

the abstract parameters of the quality of service desired. These
parameters are to be used to guide the selection of the actual service
parameters when transmitting a datagram through a particular network.
Total Length: 16 bits
Total Length is the length of the datagram, measured in octets,
including internet header and data. This field allows the length of a
datagram to be up to 65,535 octets. Such long datagrams are impractical
for most hosts and networks.
Identification: 16 bits
An identifying value assigned by the sender to aid in assembling the
fragments of a datagram.

 Flags: 3 bits. Various Control Flags.

Bit 0: reserved, must be zero
Bit 1: (DF) 0 = May Fragment, 1 = Don't Fragment.
Bit 2: (MF) 0 = Last Fragment, 1 = More Fragments.
Fragment Offset: 13 bits. This field indicates where in the datagram
this fragment belongs. The fragment offset is measured in units of 8
octets (64 bits). The first fragment has offset zero.
Time to Live: 8 bits. This field indicates the maximum time the
datagram is allowed to remain in the internet system. If this field
contains the value zero, then the datagram must be destroyed. This
field is modified in internet header processing. The time is measured in
units of seconds, but since every module that processes a datagram
must decrease the TTL by at least one even if it process the datagram in
less than a second, the TTL must be thought of only as an upper bound
on the time a datagram may exist.

 Protocol: 8 bits. This field indicates the next level protocol used in the
data portion of the internet datagram. The values for various protocols
are specified in "Assigned Numbers.
Header Checksum: 16 bits. A checksum on the header only. Since
some header fields change (e.g., time to live), this is recomputed and
verified at each point that the internet header is processed.
Source Address: 32 bits. The source address is 32 bits and specifies
the source.
Destination Address: 32 bits. The destination address is also 32 bits
and specifies the destination address.
Options: variable. The options may appear or not in datagrams. They
must be implemented by all IP modules (host and gateways). What is
optional is their transmission in any particular datagram, not their
implementation.In some environments the security option may be
required in all datagrams.

1.D. FIBER CHANNEL FRAME

A Fibre
Channel
frame is
the frame of
the Fibre
Channel protocol. The basic building blocks of an FC connection
are the frames. They contain the information to be transmitted
(payload), the address of the source and destination ports and link
control information. Frames are broadly categorized as
Data frames.
Link_control frames.
Data frames may be used as Link_Data frames and Device_Data
frames, link control frames are classified as Acknowledge (ACK)
and Link_Response (Busy and Reject) frames.

 The primary function of the Fabric is, to receive the frames from the
source port and route them to the destination port. It is the FC-2 layer's
responsibility to break the data to be transmitted into frame size, and
reassemble the frames.

Each frame begins and ends with a frame delimiter. The frame header
immediately follows the SOF delimiter. The frame header is used to
control link applications, control device protocol transfers, and detect
missing or out of order frames. Optional headers may contain further link
control information.

 A maximum 2048
information to be
destination N_Port.
(CRC) precedes the
transmission errors.
bytes.

byte long field (payload) contains the

transferred from a source N_Port to a
The 4 bytes Cyclic Redundancy Check
EOF delimiter. The CRC is used to detect
The maximum total frame length is 2148