CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
Periodontitis - Inflammatory disease associated with pathogenic micro
organisms colonizing tooth surfaces in a susceptible host.
Mouth rinses - Mechanical and Chemical purposes (Ex: Chlorhexidine)
Chlorhexidine - Reduction of plaque and gingivitis;
Drawbacks: Taste and stain producing problems.

Complementary and alternative medicine(CAM) - Apitherapy (Ex: Honey)

4-day experimental period because plaque accumulation reaches measurable

volumes after 4 5 days of no oral hygiene

HONEY
Honey: Apis mellifera, pH -3.84,29.17meq/kg acidity,17.07 moisture
content, 0.21mS/cm electrical conductivity, 8.01%sucrose, 27.29
hydroxymethyl furfural and diastase number of 14.20
Hygroscopic It draws moisture out of the environment and thus
dehydrates bacteria.

 Honey - Treatment of periodontal diseases, mouth ulcers, and other problems

of oral health.
Gingivitis
Antibacterial and easy feasibility

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In vitro testing for Anti-bacterial efficacy:
To compare the efficacy of Honey, 0.2% Chlorhexidine and a ve control
of Saline (determined by MIC- that completely inhibits the growth of test
species at lower conc.)
Dilutions 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,and 512mg/ml
Grown in blood agar,80%N,10%H,10%CO2
At 35C for 3days.

Against 6 predominant oral bacterial species:

Eubacterium nodatum
S.mutans
Campylobacter rectus
S.sanguinis
Aggregatibacter actinomyceto commitans
Porphyromonas gingivalis

In vivo testing for Anti-plaque efficacy:

SUBJECTS: 66 subjects
40 males and 26 females
AGE: 20-24 YEARS
Processed Honey diluted with distilled water 1:1(1.8mg/ml honey)

 INCLUSION CRITERIA: >22 Natural teeth

No removable or fixed orthodontic appliances
No > one full coverage restoration

EXCLUSION CRITERIA: No medical or pharmacotherapy histories

 Day 1: Oral soft tissue examination and Ultrasonic cleaning

10ml of respective mouth rinse twice daily for 30seconds.
3 Test agents 1)0.2%chlorhexidine mouth rinse(group1)
2)Processed honey(group2)
3)Saline(group3)
Quigley Hein plaque index To verify plaque status
Day 5 : Plaque scores were evaluated using disclosing agent

RESULTS
In vitro results: (Anti bacterial efficacy)
Honey > 0.2%Chlorhexidine> Saline
Honey - Effectively inhibits the growth of the tested microorganisms.
0.2% Chlorhexidine - Most effective
Saline No inhibition

In vivo results: (Anti plaque efficacy)

Chlorhexidine> Honey> Saline
Comparison between chlorhexidine and honey Statistically significant

DISCUSSION
Honey: Treating gingivitis and oral mucositis in cancer patients undergoing
radiation therapy and against aerobic bacteria.
Chlorhexidine < Honey (In vitro)
Chlorhexidine > Honey(In vivo)
Dold et al - Anti bacterial activity
Adock H2O2 Responsible for anti bacterial activity of honey

 Honey also inhibits S.mutans (cariogenic micro organism)

No erosion of enamel Honey over a period of 30min.
Anti inflammatory reduces odema,stimulation of tissue growth,collagen
synthesis, angiogenesis.
Inhibits fungal growth and cytocompatability with healthy tissue cell
cultures.

CONCLUSION
Honey : Effective against oral bacteria and reduces plaque formation.