BROADCASTING

ENGR. PHIL U. LOMBOY

BROADCASTING
To send out in all directions
The process of transmitting
information (voice, music or video
signal) by radio or through
television for reception by the
general public.
BROADCASTING

AM BROADCASTING

MF: 300 3000 kHz

GROUNDWAVE
VERTICALLY POLARIZED
OMNIDIRECTIONAL

INTERNATIONAL
BROADCASTIING
HF: 3 30 MHz
SKYWAVE
VERTICALLY POLARIZED
HORIZONTAL POLARIZED
UNIDIRECTIONAL

TYPES OF BROADCASTING
SYSTEM

FM BROADCASTING

VHF: 30 300 MHz

SPACE WAVE
HORIZONTAL POLARIZED
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED

TV BROADCASTING

VHF & UHF: 300 3000

MHz
SPACE WAVE
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED

TYPES OF BROADCASTING
SYSTEM

1. Term in communications which means to send out in all

directions.
a. Announce
b. Broadcast
c. Transmit
d. Media
2. What is the process of sending voice, speech, music or image
intended for reception by the general public?
a. Navigation
b. Telephony
c. Broadcasting
d. Mixing

REVIEW QUESTIONS

3. Short wave broadcasting operates in what band?

a. MF
b. HF
c. VHF
d. VLF
4. The transmitting antenna for an AM broadcast station
should have a _____ polarization.
a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. circular
d. elliptical

REVIEW QUESTIONS

5. What broadcasting service must use directional antennas

a. AM
b. FM
c. International broadcast
d. TV
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.

What type of broadcast service might have their antennas on top o

FM
AM
TV
a and c

REVIEW QUESTIONS

AM BROADCASTING

PARAMETERS

RP Standard

Intl Standard

Broadcasting
Band
Frequency Band

525 1705 kHz

535 1605 kHz

Channel Width

Medium
frequency
9 kHz

Medium
frequency
10 kHz

Station Spacing

36 kHz

40 kHz

Max no. of
channels
IF - Rx

118

107

455 kHz

455 kHz

Fc Tolerance

+/- 20 Hz

+/- 20 Hz

AM BROADCASTING

PARAMETERS

RP Standard

Intl Standard

Type of Emission

A3E (DSBFC)

A3E (DSBFC)

Modulation

AM

AM

Receiver

Superheterodyne

Superheterodyne

Antenna
Polarization

Vertical

Vertical

Type of
Propagation

Ground wave

Ground wave

Radiation Pattern

Omnidirectional

Omnidirectional

AM BROADCASTING

CHANNEL NUMBER

CARRIER FREQUENCY

531 kHz

540 kHz

549 kHz

131

1701 kHz

AM BROADCASTING
ALLOCATIONS

AREA

MIDDLE
BAND

LOW BAND

HIGH BAND

525 918
kHz

919-1312 kHz

1313-1705
kHz

Metro
Manila
Metro Cebu

10 kW

20 kW

30 kW

10 kW

20 kW

30 kW

Other Areas

5 kW

10 kW

15 kW

Call Signs

LUZON

DZ../DW..

VISAYAS

DY..

MINDANAO

DX..

AM BROADCASTING
ALLOCATIONS

a. PRIMARY
The signal is not subject to interference nor
fading

b. SECONDARY
The signal is subject to some fading but
there is no objectionable co-channel
interference

c.
INTERMTTENT

The signal is subject to some fading and

interference

SERVICE AREA

BROADCAST DAY

RP LOCAL TIME

DAY TIME

6 am 6 pm

NIGHT TIME

6 pm 6 am

EXPERIMENTAL
PERIOD

12 mn 5 am

PARTS OF A BROADCAST DAY

MAIN TRANSMITTER
Power rating: 1 kW
ALTERNATE TRANSMITTER
Same power rating and frequency stability
as that of the main transmitter
Must be co-located with the man
transmitter
Used when the main transmitter failed or
there are some modifications to be made
with it
TYPES OF TRANSMITTER

AUXILIARY TRANSMITTER
Co-located or not co-located
Operating power may be less but never greater
than the authorized power of the regular main
transmitter
Use during emergencies
Emergency Broadcast System ( EBS)
Emergency Action Notification (EAN)
Emergency Action Termination (EAT)

TYPES OF TRANSMITTER

ANTENNA SITE
SELECTION
Location in relation to the population to
be served and other communications
installed
Conductivity of the soil at and
immediately adjacent to the site
Conductivity of the path between the
site and the target area

AM ANTENNA SYSTEM

ANTENNA DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
The transmitting antenna system shall be
vertically polarized and shall radiate an
effective field of not less than that of a 60degree vertical radiator
The antenna, antenna lead-in, and
counterpoise shall be installed so as not to
present hazard

AM ANTENNA SYSTEM

1. One of the main considerations in the selection of antenna site for

a. conductivity of the soil
b. height of the terrain
c. elevation of the site
d. Accessibility
2. The part of broadcast day from 6 PM to 6 AM local time
a. day time
b. night time
c. bed time
d. experimental period

REVIEW QUESTIONS

3. What are the frequency limits of the AM broadcasting band?

a. 88 108 kHz
b. 500 1600 kHz
c. 300 3000 kHz
d. 535 1605 kHz
4. What is the frequency tolerance for the RF carrier in the
standard AM radio broadcast band?
a. Zero
b. + / - 20 Hz
c. + / - 10 Hz
d. + / - 20 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

5.
a.
b.
c.
d.

What is the channel width of an AM station?

5 kHz
10kHz
50 kHz
20 kHz

6.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Standard AM intermediate frequency

355 kHz
455 kHz
525 kHz
625 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

7.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Standard AM bandwidth
9 kHz
10 kHz
12 kHz
15 kHz

8.
a.
b.
c.
d.

What is the allowable bandwidth of commercial AM radio in the U

10 kHz
30 kHz
20 kHz
15 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

9. What broadcast stations use vertical antennas on flat

ground?
a. AM
b. FM
c. TV
d. Short wave
10. The center to center spacing between two adjacent
stations in the Philippine AM BC band
a. 9 kHz
b. 200 kHz
c. 36 kHz
d. 800 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

11. The operating power of the auxiliary transmitter shall not be

less than _____ % or never greater than the authorized operating
power of the Main Transmitter.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
12. It is a resistive load used in place of an antenna to test a
transmitter under normal loaded conditions without actually
radiating the transmitters output signal.
a. Auxiliary Tx
b. Main Tx
c. Secondary Tx
d. Artificial Antenna

REVIEW QUESTIONS

13. Marshy land is an ideal location for AM transmitters because

a. it optimizes ground conductivity
b. it increases antenna height
c. it reduces reflection
d. it enhances radio wave propagation
14. Service area of broadcast stations having a ground field of 1
mv/meter.
a. Primary Service Area
b. Secondary service Area
c. Tertiary Service Area
d. Intermittent Service Area

REVIEW QUESTIONS

15. Service area of broadcast stations without any

interference but with fading or intermittent variations on
intensity
a. Primary Service Area
b. Secondary Service Area
c. Tertiary Service Area
d. Intermittent Service Area
16. Service area of broadcast stations that is subject to fading
and interference.
a. Primary Service Area
b. Secondary service Area
c. Tertiary Service Area
d. Intermittent Service Area

REVIEW QUESTIONS

17. One of the broadcast transmission auxiliary services

a. Remote Pickup
b. STL
c. Communications, Coordination and Control
d. All of these
18. An AM broadcast station in Metro Manila operating at 594
kHz has a maximum power of
a. 5 kw
b. 10 kw
c. 15 kw
d. 30 kw

REVIEW QUESTIONS

FM BROADCASTING

PARAMETERS

RP STANDARD

Broadcasting
Band
Frequency Band

88 108 MHz

Channel Width

200 kHz

Station Spacing

800 kHz

Max no. of
channels
Max no. of
stations
IF - Rx

100

VHF

25
10.7 MHz

FM BROADCASTING

PARAMETERS

RP STANDARD

Carrier Freq
Tolerance
Type of Emission

+/- 2000 Hz
F3E (mono)
F8E (stereo)

Modulation

FM

Receiver

Superheterodyne

Type of Propagation

Space wave

Antenna
Polarization

Horizontal/circular

FM BROADCASTING

CHANNEL
NUMBER

CARRIER FREQUENCY

88.1 MHz

88.3 MHz

88. 5 MHz

100

107.9 MHz

FM BROADCASTING
ALLOCATIONS

CLASS

A
B

TX POWER

ERP

HEIGHT ABOVE
AVERAGE TERRAIN

< 125
10 kW 25
kW
kW
<
30
kW
1 kW 10 kW

< 2000 ft
< 500 ft

--

< 1 kW

--

< 10 W

--

--

CLASSES OF FM STATION

FMn = FM1 + (n 1)
BW
FM = channel frequency in MHz
FM1 = frequency of the 1st FM channel = 88.1
MHz number
n = channel
BW = channel bandwidth = 200 kHz

FM BROADCAST FREQUENCY
ALLOCATION

TIME CONSTANTS
PRE-EMPHASIS
US

75 usec

EUROPE

150 usec

DE-EMPHASIS
DOLBY

25 usec

FM BROADCAST FREQUENCY
ALLOCATION

Two audio signals (L and R) are mixed to provide two

new signals. The first is the sum of the input channels
(L+R), and the second is the difference of the two (LR).
The sum channel
(L+R) is modulated
directly in the
baseband assignment
between 50 Hz and 15
kHz

The difference signal

(L-R) is DSBSC
modulated in the 23
to 53 kHz slot about a
stereophonic
subcarrier of 38 kHz.

FM STEREO BROADCASTING

PARAMETERS

RP STANDARD

Pilot subcarrier

19 kHz +/- 2Hz

Stereophonic subcarrier

38 kHz (2nd harmonic of pilot

subcarrier

Stereophonic subcarrier
suppression level

< 1% modulation of the main

carrier

Subsidiary Communications Authorization

(SCA)
Licensed system which has the purpose of providing
background music for public buildings.

FM STEREO BROADCASTING

FM FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS

Broadcast
Transmission
Services
1. Studio-to Transmitter
Link (STL)
Stations in this service
are to be used as relay of
aural programming
materials from studio to
transmitter and between
fixed facilities in other
locations.

2. Remote pick-up
Broadcast Stations
Stations in this service are
to be used for the
transmission of aural
programming materials
and associated cues and
data.
3. Communications,
Coordination and
Control Link

FM STEREO BROADCASTING

1. Standard emission for

FM broadcast
a. A3E
b. C3F
c. F3E
d. B8E
2. Frequency deviation of
standard FM broadcast
a. 25 kHz
b. 50 kHz
c. 75 kHz
d. 100 kHz

3. FM broadcast guard band

a. +/- 10 kHz
b. +/- 15 kHz
c. +/- 25 kHz
d. +/- 30 kHz
4. FM broadcast pilot
subcarrier
a. 8 kHz
b. 19 kHz
c. 38 kHz
d. 41 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

5. FM broadcast frequency tolerance

a. 1 kHz
b. 2 kHz
c. 5 kHz
d. 10 kHz
6. FM broadcast time constant for
Pre-emphasis
a. 55 usec
b. 75 usec
c. 68 usec
d. 81 usec

REVIEW QUESTIONS

7. The class of FM station, which has an authorized radiated

power not exceeding 125 kw.
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D
8. An FM broadcast station, which has an authorized transmitter
power not exceeding 10 kw and ERP not exceeding 30 kw.
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D

REVIEW QUESTIONS

9. A class of FM station which is limited in antenna height of

500 ft above average terrain.
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D
10. The class of FM station used for educational purposes
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D

REVIEW QUESTIONS

11. The class of FM station used for non-commercial

and community service purposes.
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D
12. The first channel in the FM broadcast band has a
center frequency of
a. 88 MHz
b. 88.1 MHz
c. 88.3 MHz
d. 108 MHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

13. Maximum ERP allowed for Class A FM

station
a. 250 kw
b. 200 kw
c. 150 kw
d. 125 kw
14. Standard FM bandwidth
a. 200 kHz
b. 500 kHz
c. 800 kHz
d. 850 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

15. What is the deviation ratio for commercial FM?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 5
d. 10
16. What is the radio transmission of two separate
signals, left and right, used to create a
multidimensional effect on the receiver?
a. SCA
b. Stereo system
c. Pilot transmission
d. Monophonic transmission

REVIEW QUESTIONS

17. The frequency spectrum of the stereophonic signal

a. 67 kHz
b. 59.5 to 74.5 kHz
c. 19 to 38 kHz
d. 30 to 53 kHz

18. FM broadcast receivers in the 88 108 MHz have an IF nominal

a. 455 kHz
b. 10.7 MHz
c. 15 MHz
d. 500 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

19. How many commercial FM broadcast channels can

fit into the bandwidth occupied by a commercial IV
station?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40
20. The carrier frequency tolerance for FM broadcasting
a. +/- 25 kHz
b. +/- 2 kHz
c. +/- 20 kHz
d. +/- 30 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

21. Where is de-emphasis added in a stereo FM

system?
a. before the matrix at the Tx
b. before the matrix at the Rx
c. after the matrix at the Tx
d. after the matrix at the Rx
22. Where is pre-emphasis added in a stereo FM
system?
a. before the matrix at the Tx
b. before the matrix at the Rx
c. after the matrix at the Rx
d. after the matrix at the Tx

REVIEW QUESTIONS

23. An additional channel of multiplex information that is

authorized by the FCC for stereo FM radio stations to feed
services such as commercial free programming to selected
customers.
a. STL
b. SCA
c. EBS
d. EIA
24. The normal frequency for an SCA subcarrier is ______ KHz.
a. 67
b. 76
c. 38
d. 19

REVIEW QUESTIONS

25. A monoaural FM receiver receives only the ____

signal of a stereo multiplex transmission
a. L + R
b. L R
c. Both a and b
d. 67 kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS

TV BROADCASTING

TELEVISION
to see at a
distance
TELEVISION BROADCASTING
The science of transmitting
rapidly changing pictures from
one point to another by means
of electrical signals.

DEFINITIONS

1. STUDIO OR
OUTSIDE THE
STATION

2. PICTURE AND
SOUND TRANSMITTER

COMPONENTS OF A COMPLETE TV
BROADCASTING SYSTEM

3. MEDIUM (COAXIAL CABLE /

FIBER OPTIC CABLE

4. A NUMBER OF RECEIVERS

COMPONENTS OF A COMPLETE TV
BROADCASTING SYSTEM

STL STUDIO TO
TRANSMITTER LINK

SNG SATELLITE
NEWS GATHERING

ENG ELECTRONIC NEWS

GATHERING

ACRONYMS

SEG SPECIAL
EFFECTS
GENERATOR

EFP ELECTRONIC
FIELD PRODUCTION

ACRONYMS

TV TRANSMITTER

TV RECEIVER

DIPLEXER

MONOCHROME

A special coupling device that

permits the transmission of
both audio and video signals
using one antenna system.

Shades of black, gray and

white

VSB VESTIGIAL
SIDEBAND

TV BROADCAST
CHANNEL

To conserve
electromagnetic
spectrum, it produces
only the full USB and only
a portion of the LSB

The band of frequencies

assigned for the transmission of
the picture and sound signals.

COLOR
Red, green and
blue

DEFINITIONS

44 - 50

54 - 60

60 - 66

66 - 72

76 - 82

82 - 88

7
8
9
10
11
12
13

174 180
180 186
186 192
192 198
198 204
204 210
210 216

TV BROADCASTING
FREQUENCY ALLOCATION

CHANNEL
NUMBER
FREQUENCY
RANGE
(MHz)

UPPER VHF CHANNELS 7 13

FLOWER = 6N +
132
UHF CHANNELS 14 - 83
470 890 MHz
FLOWER = 6N +
386
ANALOG COLOR TV SYSTEMS IN THE
WORLD (ASPECT RATIO, 4:3)

PARAMETERS

RP STANDARD

Broadcasting
Band

54 890 MHz
Ch 2 to 4 (54 72 MHz) VHF Low
Ch 5 to 6 (76 88 MHz)
Ch 7 to 13 (174 216 MHz) VHF
High
Ch 14 to 83 (470 890 MHz) UHF

Channel width

6 MHz

Baseband Freq

Video: 0 4 MHz Audio: 50 Hz 15

kHz
TV BROADCASTING
STANDARDS

PARAMETERS
Max no. of
stations
IF - Rx

RP STANDARD
25 stations
Picture IF: 45.75 MHz
Sound IF: 41.25 MHz

Fc Tolerance

Picture Carrier: +/- 1000 Hz

Color Carrier: +/- 10 Hz
Sound Carrier: +/- 1000 Hz

Polarization

Circular

TV BROADCASTING
STANDARDS

PARAMETERS
Type of Emission

RP STANDARD
Video: C3E
Audio: F3E (mono)
Multi-channel TV Sound (stereo)

Modulation

Audio : FM
Video: AM / Vestigial Sideband

Receiver

Superheterodyne

Type of
Propagation

Space wave

TV BROADCASTING
STANDARDS

PARAMETERS

American , NTSC

European, PAL

No. of lines/frame

525

625

No. of lines/field

262 (odd/even)

312 (odd/even)

No. of frames/sec

30

25

Field frequency

60 (59.94) Hz

50 Hz

Line frequency

15,625 Hz

Channel width

15,750 (15,735.36)
Hz
6 MHz

Video bandwidth

4 MHz

5 MHz

STANDARDS FOR ANALOG TV

SYSTEM

7 MHz

PARAMETERS

American, NTSC

European, PAL

Color Subcarrier

3.58 MHz

4.43 MHz

Sound System

FM

FM

Max Sound
Deviation
Intercarrier
Frequency

+ / - 25 kHz

+ /- 50 kHz

4.5 MHz

5.5 MHz

STANDARDS FOR ANALOG TV

SYSTEM

THE 6 MHZ BANDWIDTH COLOR

TV SPECTRUM

SCANNING
INTERLACED
SCANNING PATTERN

The process of
analyzing successively
according to a preOdd fields first then
determined method, the
even fields; from left to
light values of picture
right; then from top to
elements constituting
bottom
the total picture area
HORIZONTAL SCANNING FREQUENCY : 15,750 Hz
VERTICAL SCANNING FREQUENCY : 60 Hz

SCANNING

SCANNING

PROGRESSIVE SCANNING PATTERN

Progressive scan differs from interlaced scan in that the
image is displayed on a screen by scanning each line (or
row of pixels) in a sequential order rather than an alternate
order, as is done with interlaced scan.

SCANNING

SYNCHRONIZATION
Keeps the transmitter and receiver
scanning in step with each other
Rectangular pulses
Occur during blanking time when no
picture information is sent (blacker than
black region)
HORIZONTAL SYNC FREQUENCY : 15,750
Hz
VERTICAL SYNC FREQUENCY : 60 Hz

SYNCHRONIZATION

EQUALIZATION
Serves to maintain continuous flow of
sync information to the horizontal
scanning system.
Occur before and after each V sync
pulse
EQUALIZING PULSE FREQUENCY : 31,500 Hz

EQUALIZATION

BLANKING
Prevents the electron beam
from reaching the screen, thus
retraces (flyback) are made
invisible.
HORIZONTAL BLANKING FREQUENCY : 15,750 Hz
VERTICAL BLANKING FREQUENCY : 60 Hz

BLANKING

NEGATIVE TRANSMISSION
As the signal
increases, the picture
becomes darker
Lowest amplitudes
are the whitest color

COMPONENTS OF A
COMPOSITE VIDEO
SIGNAL
Picture (video)
Blanking pulses
Sync (H and V)

DEFINITIONS

COMPOSITE VIDEO SIGNAL

a.
BRIGHTNESS
Overall or average
intensity of illumination
which determines the background level in
the reproduced picture

b. CONTRAST
Difference in intensity between black and
white parts of the reproduced picture

PICTURE QUALITIES

c. DETAIL
Depends on the number of
picture elements that can be
produced within the frame.
Also known as Resolution or
Definition

d. COLOR
LEVEL
The color should
vary the picture
from no color to pale and
medium colors up to vivid
intense color.

e. HUE
The color of the
object

f. ASPECT
The ratioRATIO
of the width to
the height of the picture
frame.
Standard:
4:3

g. VIEWING
4 to 8DISTANCE
times the picture

PICTURE QUALITIES

height

SPECIAL FACILITIES IN CAMERA

ASSEMBLY

1.
INTERCOMMUNICATION
2. MULTIPLE LENS
TURRET
Collection of different
lenses

3. TALLY LIGHTS
Mounted on camera
housing ; on air

5. IRIS
CONTROL
Level of illumination
6. MECHANICAL
FOCUS
Cw / ccw
or lock to a
scene

4. PAN / TILT
CONTROLS
Up/down; left/right; zoon

7.
VIEWFINDER
To find
a sample of the

in/out

material

SPECIAL FACILITIES IN CAMERA

ASSEMBLY

1.
2.
PHOTOEMISSION
PHOTOCONDUCTION
Liberation of electrons
Changes of conductivity of
from a material under
a surface due to
the influence of
illumination
illumination
3. PHOTOVOLTAIC
ACTION
Generation of voltage due
to chemical or physical
changes induced by
illumination
METHODS OF PRODUCING AN IMAGE
WITHIN THE TUBE

1. LIGHT
TRANSFER
CAPABILITY
Ratio of brightness
variations in the
reproduced image to the
brightness variations in
the original scene

2. SPECTRAL
RESPONSE
Same as the eye; colors
are rendered in their
proper tones

3. SENSITIVITY
Unit: Lumen; output
photosignal per incident
illumination

CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMERA TUBES

4. DARK
CURRENT
Small amount of signal
current flowing in the
output circuit even in
the absence of
illumination on the
faceplate of the tube.
6. RESOLVING
POWER
Resolution
power

5. LAG
CHARACTERISTIC
Inability of the
photosensitive layer in the
pick up tube to follow faster
changes in illumination.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CAMERA TUBES

In a camera tube pickup device, the front of the

tube contains a layer of photosensitive material
called a target.
The lens of a camera
focuses light from a
scene onto the front
of the camera tube,
and this light causes
changes in the
target material.
The light image is transformed into an electronic
image, which can then be read from the back of
the target by a beam of electrons.

HOW CAMERA TUBES WORK

The beam of electrons is produced by an electron

gun at the back of the camera tube.
Whenever the electron beam hits the bright
parts of the electronic image on the target
material, the tube emits a high voltage, and
when the beam hits a dark part of the image,
the tube emits a low voltage.
The beam is controlled by a system of
electromagnets that make the beam
systematically scan the target
material.
This varying voltage is the electronic television
signal.

HOW CAMERA TUBES WORK

1. NIPKOW DISK
A photoelectric tube is
used with a rotating
wheel punched with
small holes spiraling in
toward the center to
scan the picture
elements.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

2. IMAGE
DISSECTOR /
ICONOSCOPE

The first all electric pick

up device.

3. IMAGE
ORTHICON
Indicates
the linear
relation between light
input and signal output;
highly sensitive but
relatively large and
expensive.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

4. FLYING SPOT
SCANNER
The spot of
light from the screen
of the CRT is used as the light
source to scan a film slide

5. VIDICON
Most widely used; a very small
camera tube of relatively simple
construction, a photoconductive
target plate and an electron gun.
Image plate is made up of
Antimony Trisulfide

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

6. PLUMBICON (PHILIPS)
Similar to the Vidicon except that
the image plate is made of Lead
Oxide (PbO)

7. SATICON (HITACHI,
LTD)

The image plate is made of

Selenium, Arsenic and Tellurium.

8. SILICON VIDICON
A Silicon semiconductor junction is used for the target
material; extremely high sensitivity for low light
applications.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

9. CHALNICON
(TOSHIBA)

The target is a multilayer

arrangement consisting of Tin
Oxide, Cadnium Selenide and
Arsenic Trisulfide; very high
sensitivity.

10. NEWVICON (MATSUSHITA

ELECTRIC)
The target is made of
Amorphous Zinc Selendie layer
backed by Antimony Trisulfide.

TYPES OF CAMERA TUBES

A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a light-sensitive

integrated circuit that stores and displays the data
for an image in such a way that each pixel (picture
element) in the image is converted into an electrical
charge the intensity of which is related to a color in
the color spectrum

CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE

In a CCD, the light from a scene

strikes an array of photodiodes
arranged on a silicon chip.

Photodiodes are devices that

conduct electricity when they
are struck by light; they send
this electricity to tiny
capacitors.
CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE

The capacitors store the

electrical charge, with the
amount of charge stored
depending on the strength of the
light that struck the photodiode.
The CCD converts the incoming
light from the scene into an
electrical signal by releasing the
charges from the photodiodes in
an order that follows the
scanning pattern that the
receiver will follow in re-creating
the image.
CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE

CRITERIA FOR COMPATIBILITY

1. The color TV system must transmit and be
capable of receiving a luminance signal
which is either identical to a monochrome
transmission or easily converted to it.
2. Must use the same 6 MHz
bandwidth
3. Must transmit the Chrominance
information in such a way that it is sufficient
for adequate color reproduction but easy to
ignore by a monochrome receiver.

COLOR TV SYSTEM

COLOR TV SYSTEM

1. LUMINANCE
Indicates the amount of light
intensity, which is perceived
by the eye as brightness.
Contains all information
required to construct a black
and white picture from the
signal

Y = 0.30R + 0.59G +
Where:0.11B
R Red video
signal

2.
CHROMINANCE
Term used to combine
both hue (amplitude of C
signal) and saturation
(phase angle)
Is the 3.58 MHz color
subcarrier with
quadrature modulation by
I and Q color signals

G Green video signal

B Blue video signal

PRIMARY COLOR SIGNALS

a. IN-PHASE CHROMINANCE
Color video signal transmitted as amplitude
modulation of the 3.58 MHz C signal
The only color video signal with bandwidth
of 0 to 1.3 MHz
The positive polarity of the I signal is orange
while the negative polarity is cyan

I = 0.60R 0.28G
0.32B

CHROMINANCE SIGNALS

b. QUADRATURE PHASE CHROMINANCE

Color video signal that modulates the 3.58
MHz C signal in quadrature with the I signal
with bandwidth of 0 to 0.5 MHz
The positive polarity of the Q signal is purple
while the negative polarity is yellow green

Q = 0.21R 0.52G +
0.31B

CHROMINANCE SIGNALS

NTSC

PAL

SECAM

National
Television
Standards
Committe
e
(American
)

Phase
Alteration
by Line
(British,
German)

Sequential
Color and
Memory
(French)

ANALOG COLOR TV SYSTEMS IN THE

WORLD (ASPECT RATIO, 4:3)

SIMILARITY
They separate the luminance and chrominance information and
transmit the chrominance information in the form of 2 color
difference signals which modulate a color subcarrier frequency
transmitted within the sideband of the luminance signal.

DIFFERENCE
The processing of the chrominance information
NTSC subcarrier frequency is amplitude modulated
PAL subcarrier frequency is phase modulated
SECAM subcarrier frequency is frequency modulated

COLOR TRANSMISSION STANDARDS

BLUE + RED
=

MAGENTA

GREEN + RED
=

YELLOW

GREEN + BLUE
=

CYAN

GREEN + BLUE + RED

=
COLOR COMBINATIONS

WHITE

1. TRANSLATORS

Retransmit the signals of

TV broadcast station by
frequency conversion and
amplification without
significantly altering any
characteristic except the
amplitude and frequency.

OTHER TV SERVICES

2. CATV CABLE TELEVISION

A communications system that gathers
local , remote, playbacks and satellite
signals and sent by coaxial cables to the
subscribers.

OTHER TV SERVICES

A.
HEADEND

The main hub of the CATV system where the signals from all
sources originate, then processed, amplified and distributed to
the subscribers.

B. OUTSIDE PLANT
Part of the CATV system that provides the distribution of the
TV signals from the head end to the paying subscribers.

C. SUBSCRIBER PREMISE EQUIPMENT

The end of the line of the CATV system, where the cable
signals were delivered from its origin to the subscriber.

PARTS OF THE CATV SYSTEM

PARTS OF THE CATV SYSTEM

PARTS OF THE CATV SYSTEM

3. MATV MASTER ANTENNA TELEVISION

The means by which many apartments,
houses, hotels, schools and other multi-unit
buildings distribute TV and FM signals to a
number of receivers.

DIVISIONS
1. Head end
2. Distribution System

OTHER TV SERVICES

A.
HEADEND

Normally consists of an antenna installation to receive the

desired signals, processing equipment to filter the signals and
remove interference, and a distribution amplifier to amplify the
signals to the level required to provide an adequate signal to
every receiver in the system.

B. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Provides a clean signal to the sets by isolating each receiver
from the system and by delivering the proper amount of
signal to each set

PARTS OF THE MATV SYSTEM

4. CCTV CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION

A TV system that operates on a
closed loop basis; CCTV images
are only available to those
connected to the closed loop.
Applications: educational,
business, industry, medicine,
traffic control, surveillance
Components: Camera and lens,
Coaxial cables, Monitors, Video
Cassette/Tape Recorders

OTHER TV SERVICES

A device that receives,

decodes, and displays
digital video broadcasts
(in both high-definition
and standard-definition
formats) for consumer
viewing.

This process produces much

clearer picture and sound
quality than analog systems,
similar to the difference
between a compact disc
recording (using digital
technology) and an audiotape
or long-playing record.

Digital television uses

technology that records,
transmits, and decodes a
signal in digital formthat
is, as a series of ones and
zeros.

It also permits additional

features to be embedded
in signals including
program and consumer
information as well as
interactivities.

DIGITAL TELEVISION

There are three types of broadcast digital

television (DTV), each with progressively better
picture and sound quality:

Standard-Definition TV
(SDTV)
Enhanced-Definition TV
(EDTV)
High-Definition TV (HDTV)

Digital technology
is being developed
that will offer
sharper pictures on
wider screens, and
HDTV with cinemaquality images.

TYPES OF DIGITAL TELEVISION

480i
480 lines by 720 pixels
wide, displayed in interlaced
format.
It has a 4:3 or 16:9 aspect ratio,
29.97-Hz frame rate, as defined
by the ATSC standard.
Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC)
Committee established by the FCC to define new
standards for publicly regulated broadcast television in
the United States

STANDARD DEFINITION TELEVISION

480p
High-definition television
(HDTV) image that is 480
vertical lines by 720 horizontal
pixels displayed in progressive
format
It has a 4:3 or 16:9 aspect
ratio, 59.94 Hz, 29.97 Hz, and
23.98 Hz frame rates, as
defined by the ATSC standard

ENHANCED DEFINITION TELEVISION

High-definition video formats that have 16:9 aspect

ratio. Generally refers to 1080i or 720p images.
1080
1,080 ivertical
lines by 1,920
horizontal pixels
wide, displayed in
an interlaced
format.
It has a 16:9
aspect ratio, 29.97
Hz frame rate,

720p

720 vertical lines

by 1,280 horizontal
pixels wide,
displayed in
progressive format.
It has a 16:9 aspect
ratio, 59.94 Hz,
29.97 Hz, and
23.98 Hz frame
rates,

HIGH DEFINITION TELEVISION

Many flat panel TVs use liquidcrystal display (LCD) screens that
make use of a special substance
that changes properties when a
small electric current is applied to
it.
LCD technology has already been
used extensively in laptop
computers.
LCD television screens are flat, use
very little electricity, and work well
for small, portable television sets.

FLAT PANEL TELEVISION

Flat panel TVs made from gasplasma displays can be much

larger.
In gas-plasma displays, a small
electric current stimulates an
inert gas sandwiched between
glass panels, including one
coated with phosphors that emit
light in various colors.
While just 8 cm (3 in) thick,
plasma screens can be more
than 150 cm (60 in) diagonally.

FLAT PANEL TELEVISION

1. TV channels 7, 9, 11
and 13 are known as
a. mid band UHF
b. low band UHF
c. high band VHF
d. low band VHF
2. Picture frames are
repeated at the rate of
____ per second
a. 30
b. 60
c. 525
d. 2

3. The number of
scanning lines is _____
per frame
a. 262.5
b. 30
c. 525
d. 60
4. The number of fields
is ______ per frame.
a. 30
b. 60
c. 525
d. 2

REVIEW QUESTIONS

5. The number of
scanning lines is _____
per field.
a. 262.5
b. 30
c. 525
d. 2

7. The horizontal line

scanning frequency is ______
Hz.
a. 15750
b. 60
c. 30
d. 525

6. The number of
scanning lines is _____
per second.
a. 15750
b. 60
c. 30
d. 525

8. The vertical field

scanning frequency is ______
Hz.
a. 15750
b. 60
c. 30
d. 525

REVIEW QUESTIONS

9. Video signal amplitude

determines the picture quality
called
a. contrast
b. brightness
c. resolution
d. color saturation

11. Video signal is

converted to light by the
______ tube.
a. picture
b. camera
c. cathode ray
d. Scanning

10. Light is converted to video

signal by the _____ tube.
a. picture
b. camera
c. cathode ray
d. scanning

12. The bandwidth of a

TV channel is _____ MHz.
a. 6
b. 4.5
c. 2.5
d. 12

REVIEW QUESTIONS

13. How many international

commercial AM broadcast channels
can fit into the bandwidth occupied
by a commercial TV station?
a. 100
b. 200
c. 125
d. 600
14. The type of modulation on the
picture carrier signal is
a. AM
b. FM
c. PM
d. PCM

15. The type of

modulation on the
sound carrier signal is
a. AM
b. FM
c. PM
d. PCM
16. The assigned band
for channel 3 is _____
MHz.
a. 54 60
b. 60 66
c. 66 72
d. 76 82

REVIEW QUESTIONS

17. The difference between the

picture and the sound carrier
frequencies for channel 7 is
______ MHz.
a. 6
b. 4.5
c. 2.5
d. 3.58
18. Scanning in the receiver is
timed correctly by _____ pulses.
a. scanning
b. blanking
c. sync
d. equalizing

19. Retraces are not visible

because of _____ pulses.
a. scanning
b. blanking
c. sync
d. Equalizing
20. Black on the picture
tube screen results from
_____ beam current.
a. 0
b. 1
c. 100
d. Maximum

REVIEW QUESTIONS

21. The color subcarrier

frequency is approximately
____ MHz.
a. 6
b. 4.5
c. 2.5
d. 3.58
22. _____ is the device that
prevents aural RF from
entering the video
transmitter and vice versa.
a. diplexer
b. duplexer
c. modulator
d. demodulator

23. The amount of color

saturation in the picture
depends on the amount of
_____ signal.
a. chrominance
b. luminance
c. contrast
d. Hue
24. In TV broadcasting in the
Philippines, the aspect ratio of
the picture frame is
a. 4:3
b. 4:1
c. 2:1
d. 3:1

REVIEW QUESTIONS

25. The black and white or

monochrome brightness
signal in TV is called
a. RGB
b. Color subcarrier
c. Luminance
d. Chrominance
26. Color TV is made possible
through the combination of
the primary colors of
a. white, red and green
b. blue, yellow and green
c. red green and blue
d. red white and blue

27. How many electron beams

actually leave the electron gun
of a single gun color CRT?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 1/3
28. Which of the following is not a
requirement for a color TV
signal?
a. compatibility with black and
white receivers
b. within 6 MHz bandwidth
c. simulate a wide variety of colors
d. functional with Baron super
antenna

REVIEW QUESTIONS

29. Radio spectrum is conserved

by using ______ modulation for
the video and TV signals.
a. vestigial
b. amplitude
c. phase
d. Frequency

31. Which of the following

camera tubes has
minimum lag?
a. Vidicon
b. Plumbicon
c. Saticon
d. Iconoscope

30. The TV receiver picture IF is

45.75 MHz and the sound IF is
_____ MHz.
a. 41.25
b. 45.75
c. 54.75
d. 57.55

32. The camera tube that

uses selenium, arsenic and
tellurium.
a. Plumbicon
b. Vidicon
c. Saticon
d. Silicon Vidicon

REVIEW QUESTIONS

33. In a standard commercial TV

broadcast, the picture carrier
signal is located _____ above the
lower end frequency of the
channel.
a. 0.75 MHz
b. 0.25 MHz
c. 4.2 MHz
d. 1.25 MHz
34. Special effects and production
switching are done by the
a. CCU
b. ENG
c. SEG
d. Sync Gen

35. The hue 180 degrees out

of phase with red is
a. cyan
b. yellow
c. green
d. Magenta
36. Greater peak to peak
amplitude of the 3.58 MHz
chrominance signal indicates
more
a. white
b. yellow
c. hue
d. saturation

REVIEW QUESTIONS

37. The difference

between sound carrier
and color subcarrier is
a. 4.5 MHz
b. 1.25 MHz
c. 0.92 MHz
d. 0.25 MHz

39. In television, the color

with the most luminance
is
a. Green
b. Blue
c. yellow
d. Red

38. Mixing green and

blue light in TV systems
result to
a. cyan
b. yellow
c. magenta
d. white

40. When the colors

Magenta and Yellow are
mixed, the resultant color
is
a. Red
b. White
c. Blue
d. green

REVIEW QUESTIONS

41. The three complementary colors are

a. white, yellow, cyan
b. black, white, gray
c. yellow, magenta, cyan
d. violet, indigo, fushcia
42. Which of the following consists of two of the three primary
colors in TV signal?
i. red
ii. violet
iii. yellow
iv.
blue
a. i and ii
b. ii and iii
c. iii and iv
d. i and iv

REVIEW QUESTIONS

43. Suppose the signal from a color camera has R =

0.8, G = 0.4 and B = 0.2, where 1 represents the
maximum signal possible. Determine the value at the
luminance signal.
a. 0.498
b. 0.254
c. 0.1325
d. 1.4
44. In the previous problem, calculate the chrominance
signal.
a. 0.305
b. 0.304
c. 0.498
d. 0.022

REVIEW QUESTIONS

45. Equalizing TV pulses are

sent during
a. horizontal blanking
b. vertical blanking
c. horizontal retrace
d. Sync
46. Mechanism or device
which enables the TV camera
to move in lateral and tilting
motion.
a. panning device
b. scanner
c. tilting
d. pan/tilt device

47. The ____ ensures that the

electron beam will strike the
correct phosphor dot on the TV
screen.
a. Coating
b. aperture mask
c. Diplexer
d. Duplexer
48. What is the return of the
electron beam in a CRT from
right to left or from bottom to
top?
a. Relay
b. Flyback
c. Utilization
d. resolution

REVIEW QUESTIONS

49. The form of scanning

used in TV emissions
a. right to left
b. Negative
c. Positive
d. Interlaced
50. What is the process of
placing the chrominance
signal in the band space
between portions of the
luminance signal?
a. Interlacing
b. Fitting
c. Sneaking
d. interleaving

51. The components of

a composite video
signal are:
a. chroma signal
b. blanking pulse
c. sync pulse
d. all of these
52. It is the quality of
the TV picture after
imperfections.
a. aspect ratio
b. utilization ratio
c. A1
d. Monochrome

REVIEW QUESTIONS

53. How far above the

video carrier is the sound
carrier in a TV
transmission?
a. 0.25 MHz
b.4.5 MHz
c. 10 MHz
d. 6 MHz
54. How far above the
lower limit of a TV
channel is the video
carrier located?
a. 0.25 MHz
b. 1.25 MHz
c. 4.5 MHz
d. 5.75 MHz

55. If a TV broadcast station is

operating on Channel 5 (low edge is
76 MHz), the frequency of the video
carrier is
a. 77.25 MHz
b. 77.5 MHz
c. 80.5 MHz
d. 82.2 MHz
56. Addition of 0.59 green, 0.3 red and
0.11 blue signals from a color TV
camera produces the
a. Q signal
b. I signal
c. Y signal
d. IQ signal

REVIEW QUESTIONS

57. What is the frequency of

RPN 9s color subcarrier?
a. 187.25 MHz
b. 190.38 MHz
c. 187.52 MHz
d. 190.83 MHz
58. Identify the equation for
the In-phase component of
the Chroma signal
a. 0.21R 0.52G + 0.31B
b. 0.3R + 0.59G + 0.11B
c. 0.6R 0.28G 0.32B
d. 0.59R + 0.3G + 0.11B

59. Defined as the smallest

area of a TV image that can
be transmitted within the
parameters of the system.
a. pixel
b. field
c. frame
d. Image
60. Which is a color filter?
a. aquadag
b. dichroic mirror
c. phosphor screen
d. diplexer

REVIEW QUESTIONS

61. A widely recognized TV

standard that originated from
Germany.
a. NTSC
b. SECAM
c. PAL
d. MAC
62. The picture quality derived
from getting the square root of
the sum of the squares of the I
signal magnitude and Q signal
magnitude.
a. resolution
b. hue
c. purity
d. brightness

63. A third symbol which

represents television.
a. A
b. C
c. D
d. F
64. Which type of
photoconductive tube is
used by vidicons?
a. Antimony Trisulfide
b. Lead Oxide
c. Selenium Alloy
d. Zinc Selenide

REVIEW QUESTIONS

65. What are the three

separate signals derived
from a matrix in a color TV
transmitter?
a. Y, I and Q
b. P, D and Q
c. M, N and O
d. R, S and T
66. What is the phase
difference between the I
and Q color signal carriers?
a. 0 degrees
b. 45 degrees
c. 60 degrees
d. 90 degrees

67. The colors at the

vertices of the color triangle
are referred to as
a. primary
b. white
c. desaturated
d. all of these
68. At what position on the
color triangle will saturated
yellow be located?
a. between red and blue
b. between red and green
c. between blue and green
d. at the center

REVIEW QUESTIONS

69. Is the most common technique where apartment

houses, hotels, schools, condominiums and multi-unit
buildings distribute TV and FM signals to a number of
receivers, using a single head-end.
a. CCTV
b. CATV
c. MATV
d. Antenna
70. The source point for service on the CATV network.
a. Hub
b. Head end
c. Trunk Amplifier
d. Line Extender

REVIEW QUESTIONS

71. Which of the following is the first component of any MATV

system to receive broadcast signals?
a. Filter
b. LNA
c. RF amplifier
d. Antenna
72. An emissive flat panel display where light is created by
phosphors excited by a plasma discharge between two flat
panels of glass.
a. LCD
b. Plasma Display
c. CRT
d. HDTV

REVIEW QUESTIONS

73. What is the aspect ratio

for HDTV systems?
a. 4/3
b. 9/7
c. 19/6
d. 16/9
72. A certain HDTV
television has 480 x 640
resolution with
progressive scanning,
then the HTV is
a. 480i
b. 480p
c. 640i
d. 640p

75. HDTV is a digital TV

system that allows higher
resolution, what is the
resolution if the HDTV is
720i?
a. 1280 x 720 interlaced
b. 1280 x 720 progressive
c. 720 x 1280 interlaced
d. 720 x 1280 progressive

REVIEW QUESTIONS

Phil Lomboy po,

59 NA PO TAYO, KAPUSO.