TRANSFORMER

ip
Np
vp

A transformer consists of a core made of laminated iron

separated by insulators and a coil of Np turns wound
around the core. This coil is supplied with an a.c voltage
supply vp which then produces a current ip. Due to this
current , a flux is produced which is given by an
equation
.(1)
= Npip/S
where S is the reluctance

Since current varied with time , also varied with time.

A back electromagnetic force (e.m.f) will be produced
which is given by the equation.

d
vp N p
dt

(2)

Substitute = Npip/S into the above equation , then

vp

Np2

d
(ip )
dt

(3)

If ip is sinusoidal, the flux produced also sinusoidal, i.e

= m sin 2ft
therefore

(4)

d m sin 2ft
vp N p
dt

vp = NP2fmcos 2ft = NP2fmsin (2ft + /2)

The peak value = Vpm = NP2fm

(5)

(6)

and vp is leading the flux by /2.

The rms value Vp

Vpm
2

0.707 N P 2 f m 4.44 N P f m

(7)

primary
ip
vp

is
N
P
p

N
Ss

vs

secondary

Load

When another coil is wound on the other side of

the core with no of turns Ns , then the fux will
induce the e.m.f vS as given by

d
vs N s
dt

(8)

From (2) and (8) we get

vs N s

vp N p
Vs N s

Vp N p

Or in rms value

.(9)

.(10)

With load , is will flow in the load, mmf at load will

equal to the mmf at input, then (in rms value)
NpIp = NsIs
rearrange

Ip

Ns

Is N p

.(11)

.(12)

For ideal transformer, the energy transferred will be the

same as input. Thus power at primary is same power at
secondary.
Pp = Ps
or

IpVp = IsVs
Primary
NP
VP

Secondary
: NS
VS

Symbol for ideal transformer

A 250 kVA,11000V/400V, 50Hz single phase transformer has

80 turns on the secondary. Calculate
(a) The appropriate values of the primary and secondary
currents;
(b) The approximate number of primary turns;
(c) the maximum value of the flux.
(a) Full-load primary current

P 250 103
Ip

22.7 A
Vp
11000

Full-load secondary current

P 250 10-3
Is

625 A
Vs
400

(b) Number of primary turns

recall
NP

Vs N s

Vp N p

Ns
80
VP
11000 2200
Vs
400

(c) Maximum flux

recall

E 4.44 N f m

Es
400
m

22.5mWb
4.44 N s f 4.44 80 50

IO

EP

VP

NP

NS

VS

Ideal transformer with no load

Io is the no load current when the secondary is open

circuit. This current consists of Iom that is required to
produce the flux in the core (it is in phase) and Io1 is to
compensate the hysteresis and eddy current losses.

EP

VP= emf of supply to the primary coil

and 90o leads the flux.
EP=emf induced in the primary coil and
same phase as VP.
VS=emf induced in the secondary coil
and 90o lags the flux.
Iom=magnetizing current to produce flux

VP
IOI

IO

IOm
VS
Phasor diagram for
no load transfomer

and it is in phase with flux.

Io1=current to compensate the losses due
2
to hysteresis and eddy current.
I o I om
I o21
Io=the no load current and given by
I o1
Power factor cos o
Io

Transformer converts the energy to high electrical

voltage and transmits in the high voltage line. At the
load, the high voltage energy is converted to low
voltage. In this way, it will compensate the losses during
transferring of the voltage energy.
Transformer 1

Low
voltage
generator

High voltage line

Transformer 2

Low voltage
load

A single-phase transformer has 480 turns on the primary and

90 turns on the secondary. The mean length of the flux path
in core is 1.8m and the joints are equivalent to the airgap of
0.1mm. The value of the magnetic field strength for 1.1 T in
the core is 400A/m, the corresponding core loss is 1.7W/kg
at 50Hz and the density of the core is 7800kg/m3.
If the maximum value of the flux is to be 1.1T when a p.d of
2200V at 50Hz is applied to the primary, calculate:
(a) the cross-sectional area of the core;
(b) the secondary voltage on no load;
(c) the primary current and power factor on no load

(a) recall

E 4.44 N f m
Ep

2200
m

0.0206Wb
4.44N p f 4.44 480 50
recall

B A

m 0.026
A

0.0187 m 2
B
1.1
(b)

recal
l

Practically 10% more

allow for insulator

Vs N s

Vp N p

Ns
90
NP
VP
2200 413V
Vs
480

(c) magnetomotive force (mmf) for the core is

H C C 400 1.8 720 A

mmf for the airgap is H a a
Total mmf is

B
1.1
a
0.0001 87.5 A
7
o
4 10

720 87.5 807.5 A

H N I
recal
l
Maximum magnetizing current

Rms value

I om

H 807.5

1.682 A
N
480

I om 0.707 I om 0.707 1.682 1.19 A

Volume of core A 1.8 0.0187 0.0337 m 3

mass of core

Vol . density 0.0337 7800 263kg

Core loss= loss rate x mass 263 1.7 447W

Core-loss component of current
No load current

Power factor

P
447
I o1

0.203 A
V p 2200

2
I o I om
I o21 1.19 2 0.2032 1.21A

I 01 0.203
cos

0.168 lagging
Io
1.21

E1

I1

I2

V1

V2

L(2)
V1,

Loaded transformer
L(2)= load with power factor of cos 2

Phasor diagram
1

-I2 I

V1 = emf at supply

E1=induced voltage at primary

V2=emf at load
E2=induced voltage at secondary
I1= primary current
I2=secondary current

2
I2

V2,

Io

A single-phase transformer has 1000 turns on the primary and

200 turns on the secondary. The no load current is 3A at a
power factor 0.2 lagging when secondary current is 280A at a
power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the primary current and
the power factor. Assume the voltage drop in the windings to
be negligible.
Recall Equation 12

therefore

Ip

Ns

Is N p

IP

NS
200
IS
280 56 A
NP
1000

cos2' 0.8

sin2 ' 0.6

coso 0.2

sin o 0.98

V1 ,

- I 2

I1 cos 1 I 2' cos 2 ' I o cos o

56 0.8 3 0.2 45.4 A

2
I2

56 0.6 3 0.98 36.54 A

I1

45.4 2 36.54 2

Solve for horizontal and vertical components

I1 sin 1 I 2 ' sin 2 ' I o sin o

V2 ,

58.3 A

o
36.54

38
50'
1
tan 1
0.805
45.4
Power factor cos1 cos 38o50' 0.78 lagging

Io

I1 R 1

E1
Path of leakage

L1
RC

I1
Lm

L2

R2

V2

Equivalent circuit of transformer

Flux leakage is due to secondary current that produce flux

which encounter the primary flux. Some of the flux will link to
its own windings and produce induction. This is represented by
inductance L1. Similarly with the flux in secondary and
represented by L2.

V2

There are four main losses

Dissipated power by wire resistance of the windings (I2R)
Power due to hysteresis
I1 R 1 L 1
I1
L2
R2
Power due to eddy current
Power via flux leakages.
V1

RC

Lm

E1

E2

Equivalent circuit of transformer

R1= wire resistance of primary windings

L1=inductance due to leakage flux in primary windings
RC=resistance represent power loss due to in hysteresis and eddy
current
Lm= inductance due to magnetizing current Iom
L2=inductance due to leakage flux in secondary windings
R2=wire resistance of secondary windings

V2

V1

-I2

E1
1

I 1 Z1

I1R1
I0

I1X1
I2R2

I2X2

I2

I1

I2Z2

V2
E2

Phasor diagram for a transformer on load

We can replace R2 by inserting R2 in the primary thus the

equivalent resistance is
I12 R2 ' I 22 R2
Giving us

I2

R2 ' R2
I1

Similarly

N1

X 2 ' X 2
N2

V1

R2
V2
V1

X 2
V2

 V1

Re R1 R2 ' R1 R2
V2

V1

X e X 1 X 2' X 1 X 2
V2
then
where

Ze R X
2
e

2
e

Re Z e cos e

I1
V1

(b)

Ze

I2

E1=V2

E2=V2

X e Z e sin e
and

Xe
tan e
Re

Transformer simplified circuit

To
load

Phasor diagram of simplified equivalent circuit of transformer

o-2

E 1 =V
I1Z
I1X

I1

I1X e

I1R

I2

I1Z e

2'

I1R e

Magnified Ze portion
E 2,V

Complete

Voltage regulation

recall

no - load voltage full - load voltage

no - load voltage

Vs N s

Vp N p

Secondary voltage on no-load

N2

N1

V2 V1

V2 is a secondary terminal voltage on full load

Substitute we have
Voltage regulation

N2
V2
V1
N1
N2

V1
N1

 N1

V1 V2
N2

Or Voltage regulation
V1

per unit

N1

V1 V2
N2

100
V1

per cent

From phasor diagram can be proved that

I 1 Z e cos e 2
Per unit voltage regulation
V1
Or

I1 Re cos 2 X e sin 2
Per unit voltage regulation
V1

A 100kVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary and 800

turns on the secondary. The primary and secondary
resistances are 0.3 and 0.01 respectively, and the
corresponding leakage reactances are 1.1and 0.035
respectively. The supply voltage is 2200V. Calculate:
(a)The equivalent impedance referred to the primary circuit;
(b)The voltage regulation and the secondary terminal voltage for
full load having a power factor of (i) 0.8 lagging and (ii) 0.8
leading.
(c)The percentage resistance and leakage reactance drops of the
transformer

(a)

V1

Re R1 R2
V2

V1

X e X 1 X 2
V2

Z e Re2 X e2
(b) (i)

400
0.3 0.01

80

400
1.1 0.035

80

0.55 2 1.975 2

0.55
1.975

2.05

P 100 103
Full load primary current
45.45 A
V
2200

I1 Re cos 2 X e sin 2
Per unit voltage regulation
V1
45.45 0.55 0.8 1.975 0.6

0.0336 per unit

2200

3.36 per cent

Sec. terminal voltage on no-load VP

The decreasing of full-load voltage is

NS
80
2200
440V
NP
400

440 0.0336 14.8V

Therefore the secondary full-load voltage

440 14.8 425.2V

(b) (ii) power factor 0.8 leading

Voltage regulation

45.45 0.55 0.8 1.975 0.6

0.0154 per unit
2200
1.54 per cent

The increasing of full-load voltage is

Therefore the secondary full-load voltage

440 0.0154 6.78V

440 6.78 446.78V

 full - load
equivalent resistance

primary current referred to primary
Resistance drop per unit
primary voltage

Or

full - load
equivalent resistance

secondary current referred to secondary

Resistance drop per unit
secondary voltage on no - load

Resistance drop

I1R e
45.45 0.55
0.0114

V1
2200
0.0114%

Per unit

Alternative

Recall Equation 12

Full load secondary current

Equivalent resistance
referred to secondary

Ip
Is

Ns
Np

NP
400
IS
IP
45.45 227.2 A
NS
80

N2
Re R2 R1
N1

Secondary voltage on no-load

VP

80
0.01 0.3

400

0.022

NS
80
2200
440V
NP
400

full - load
equivalent resistance

secondary current referred to secondary

227.2 0.022
Resistance drop per unit

secondary voltage on no - load

440

0.0114 per unit 1.14%

equivalent leakage resistance referred to primary

V
X e X 1 X 2 1
V2

400
1.1 0.035

80

1.975

P 100 103
Full load primary current
45.45 A
V
2200
full - load
equivalent leakage resistance

primary
current
referred to primary
Leakage ractance drop per unit
primary voltage

0.0408 per unit 4.08%

45.45 1.975
2200