CCB/CBB 3033

ADVANCED TRANSPORT
PROCESSES /
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
4. Momentum Transport
iii. Flow through annulus of circular tubes

Course Outcomes
CLO Explain the theoretical aspect of
1
momentum,
mass
and
energy
transport
CLO Apply
mathematical
and
numerical
2
methodology in analyzing momentum
transfer problem
CLO Apply
mathematical
and
numerical
3
methodology in analyzing heat transfer
problem
CLO Apply
mathematical
and
numerical
4
methodology in analyzing mass transfer
problem
CLO Analyze and solve transport phenomena
5
using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Semester May
2013

Lesson outcomes
11. Developing velocity profiles from momentum
shell balance of fluid flowing through circular
tubes. (cylindrical coordinates)
12. Deriving related flow parameters
Velocity ( maximum, average)
Mass flow rate
Force exerted by fluid on the tube wall

Flow Through Annulus

Flow through annular region between two coaxial cylinders

Problem
Newtonian liquid flows up through the circular annulus of a
tube length L due to pressure difference under laminar
condition. The radii of the outer and inner tube are R and R,
respectively. Assume that the velocity profile is fully
developed. Determine
i.

The velocity and momentum flux profiles

ii. The maximum velocity

iii. The average velocity
iv. The mass flow rate
v. The force the liquid exerts on the wall of the inner tube

Step 1&2. Schematic Diagram, Assm. & BC

Step 1: Draw a schematic diagram, label coordinates and dimensions
Step 2: Assumptions and
Boundary Conditions
Assumptions
Laminar flow
vz=f(r)

vr = v = 0
R

Boundary conditions
B.C.1 at r=R vz = 0

z
r

B.C.2 at r=R vz = 0
6

Step 3. Momentum Transport mechanisms

rz = rz +vrvz

0
0
z = z +vvz =0
0
zz = p+zz +vzvz

because from laminar flow assumption vr=0)

1.

because from laminar flow assumption

v=0 .

2.

because vz does not vary with

because from laminar flow assumption vz is a

function of only r and dvz /dz=0 implying zz =0

Summary

rz = rz
zz = p+vzvz
z =0
7

Step 4. Draw a thin Shell

Step 4: Draw a shell such that its surfaces are to momentum
transport
zz |z=0

rz |r

rz |r+r

L
r

z
r

zz |z=L

Step 5. Shells Momentum Balance

-

Rate of
momentum in

2rr zz

z 0

zz

zL

Rate of
momentum out

2L (r

rz r

All forces acting

on the system

) (rrz ) r r 2rrLg 0

0
(1)

Dividing both sides by 2Lr

zz z 0

zz

zL

r r r
rz

rz

r r

gr 0

(2)

The first term of (2) becomes

zz z 0

zz
L

zL

rp

v z v z p L v z v z
p pL
r 0
r
L
L
9

(3)

Step 5. Shells Momentum Balance

For thin shell, the second term of (2) becomes

lim
r 0

r r
rz

rz

r r

d ( r
dr

rz

d (r rz )
dr

(4)

Using (3) and (4) in (2)

d (r rz ) p0 pL

( p0 g 0) ( pL gL)

g r
r
dr
L
L

d (r rz ) P0 PL

r
dr
L

where Pz p gz

(5)

10

Step 6 & 7 Newtons law and Velocity Profile

Integrating (5) and rearranging we get the momentum flux profile
rz

P0 PL
C
r 1
2L
r

(6)

Step 6. Use Newtons law of viscosity in (6) and rearranging

dv z
( P0 PL )
C1 1

r
dr
2 L
r

(7)

Step 7. Solve for the velocity profile

vz

( P0 PL ) 2 C1
r ln(r ) C2
4 L

(8)

11

Step 8. Use Boundary Conditions

Step 8. Use boundary conditions to find the constants C1 and C 2
B.C.1 No-slip at the inner solid fluid boundary, i.e., vz=0 at r = R
B.C. 2 No-slip at the outer solid fluid boundary, i.e., vz=0 at r = R
Inserting the boundary conditions in (8)
0

( P0 PL ) 2 2 C1
R ln(R) C2
4 L

(9a)

( P0 PL ) 2 C1
R ln( R ) C2
4 L

(9b)

12

Step 8. Use Boundary Conditions

Solving for C1 and C2
( P0 PL ) 2 1 2
C1
R
4L
ln(1 / k )

(10)

( P0 PL ) 2 ( P0 PL ) 2 1 2
C2
R
R
ln( R )
4L
4 L
ln(1 / k )

(11)

Using C1 and C2 in (6) and (8)

( P0 PL )
rz
R
2L

1 2 R
r


R 2 ln(1 / ) r

(12)

( P0 PL ) 2
1 2 R
r
vz
R 1
ln
4 L
ln(1 / ) r
R

(13)

13

Step 9. Solutions to Problems

i. The momentum flux and velocity profiles :- The momentum flux
and velocity profiles are given by (12) and (13)
1 2 R
r


R
2
ln(
1
/

)

r
2

1 2 R

ln
ln(1 / ) r

+
Surface of zero
momentum flux

( P0 PL ) 2
r
vz
R 1
4 L
R

Velocity
distribution

R
R
R

(P P )
rz 0 L R
2L

r
14

Shear stress or
momentum
flux
distribution

Step 9. Solutions to Problems

ii. Maximum velocity
At the maximum velocity, the viscous stress is zero, i.e., rz= 0 at
r =R using (15)
( P0 PL )
0
R
2L

1 2 R
R

R 2 ln(1 / ) R

1 2 1
0

2 ln(1 / )

1 2
2
ln(1 / )
2

1 2

2 ln(1 / )
15

Step 9. Solutions to Problems

Inserting r =R in the velocity equation (16) to get the maximum
velocity
v z ,max

( P0 PL ) 2
1 2 R
R

R 1
ln


4 L
ln(1 / ) R
R

Simplifying using the expression for 22

v z ,max

( P0 PL ) 2
1
R 1 2 22 ln
4L

Rearranging
v z ,max

( P0 PL ) 2
R 1 2 (1 ln 2 )
2 L

16

Step 9. Solutions to Problems

iii. Average velocity
vz

Total FlowVelocity
Total Flow Area

v 2rdr 2 v rdr

vz

R 2 (1 2 )

R
2

R (1 2 )

Using the expression for velocity (16)

vz

( P0 PL ) 2 R
r
R R 1

4 L
R

1 2
R

ln
rdr
ln(1 / ) r
R 2 (1 2 )
2

Integrating and rearranging

( P0 PL ) 2 1 4 1 2
vz
R

2
8L
1

ln(
1
/
k
)

17

Step 9. Solutions to Problems

iv. Mass flow arte
w flow area v z R 2 (1 2 ) v z
4
2

(
P

P
)
1

2
2
2
0
L
w R (1 )
R

2
8L
1

ln(
1
/
k
)

Rearranging
( P0 PL ) R 4
w
8L

2 2

ln(1 / k )

18

Step 9. Solutions to Problems

v. The force exerted by the fluid on the solid surface :- is obtained
by adding the forces acting on the inner and outer cylinder.
Fz ( 2RL)( rz |r R ) (2RL)( rz |r R )

Inserting the shear stress and rearranging

Fz R 2 (1 2 )( P0 PL )

19

Lesson outcomes
11. Developing velocity profiles from momentum
shell balance of fluid flowing through circular
tubes. (cylindrical coordinates)
12. Deriving related flow parameters
Velocity ( maximum, average)
Mass flow rate
Force exerted by fluid on the tube wall

20