Structural Analysis and

Design of Tall Buildings

Prepared by :

k.Sakthi priyan,
730315413008,
M.E structural engineering.
EBET i

Lateral Load Resisting

System for Steel Buildings:
Structural systems for tall buildings have
undergone a dramatic evolution
throughout the previous.
style and modernist high-rise designs,
characterized by prismatic, repetitive
vertical geometries.
flat-topped roofs, were predominant. The
development of the original tubular
systems for tall buildings with the 1046 ft
(319 m) Chrysler Building in 1929 were
constructed in Chicago and Man hattan

 Although the use of steel in structures

can be traced back to 1856 when
Bessemers steel-making.
process was first introduced, its
application to tall buildings received
stimulus only when the 984 ft.
(300 m) Eiffel Tower was constructed
in 1889. After that, by the turn of the
nineteenth century several.

 tall buildings beginning with the modest 286

ft (87 m) Flatiron Building in 1902 and
continuing with the 1046 ft (319 m) Chrysler
Building in 1929 were constructed in Chicago
and Manhattan respectively.

The height record was broken by the

1250 ft (381 m) Empire State Building in
1931.
twin towers of the World Trade Center
buildings at 1350 ft (412 m) .

 1972, followed almost immediately by the 1450

ft (442 m) Sears Tower in Chicago in 1974.
The role of steel members in earlier structures
was principally to carry gravity loads Gradually.
its function was enhanced to include wind and
seismic resistance using systems ranging from
modest.
portal frames to innovative systems such as
outriggers, mega frames, and interior superdiagonals.

 Frames with semi rigid connections: 1015

stories.
Rigid frames: not exceeding 25 stories
Braced frames: 2530 stories
Staggered truss: not exceeding 25 stories
Eccentric bracing: 2530 stories
Interacting system of braced and rigid frames:
not exceeding 4050 stories
Outrigger and belt truss system: 4050 stories
Framed tube: 5060 stories

 Trussed tube: 6070 stories

Bundled tube: 80100 stories
High efficiency systems for ultra tall
buildings: 100150 stories.
RIGID FRAMES:
A rigid frame, also called a moment
frame (see Figure 1.1), is a vertical
support system that also serves as a
lateral load-resisting system.

 In the moment distribution method, the fixedend moments in the framing members are
gradually distributed to adjacent members.
* number of steps such that the system
eventually reaches its natural equilibrium
configrauation.
Today, the moment distribution method is
no longer used.
because computers have changed the way
engineers evaluate structures.

 The development of improved materials

and connection methods (welding, bolting,
etc.) paralleled analytical development.
rigid frame construction grew rapidly
from the early 1900s to present day.
The trend toward lighter construction and
more slender elements was clearly
established
and continues today.

 Rigid frame behaviour can be studied by

isolating a segment of a total frame.
* observing the effects of axial load and
bending moment on the individual members
and their interaction with each other.
rigid and semi rigid connections were
referred to as type 1 and type 3 connections
while type 2 was the designation used for
unrestrained simple connections.

 If the sub assemblage is restrained against

sway, the effects of column axial load and
bending moment applied at the joint.
The bending moment is resisted by the four
intersecting members in proportion to their
relative stiffness (I/L).
The axial load is resisted directly by the
beam column but causes an additional
column moment due to the P effects.

 When lateral deformation of the

frame, also referred to as sway, is
not restrained.
moment magnification effects due to
P also come into play, where is
the sway.
The ultimate strength of the beam
column sub assemblage resulting in
its failure may be due to material.
failure, joint instability, or frame

 Material failure occurs when the combined

stress from moment and axial load causes
rupture of the material.
Frame instability occurs when becomes
large for small increments of lateral load
resulting in buckling of columns.
Joint instability may occur when the joint
reaches
a certain point beyond which further rotation
leads to a decreasing ability to carry moment.

 The analysis of rigid frames requires

calculation of the following loads, forces,
and stiffness factors:
Moments due to gravity loads
Moments due to lateral loads
Column axial loads
Lateral drift ()
Stability check that includes P and P
effects.

 rigid frames are indeterminate, all of

these factors (except perhaps column
axial loads) expend on the member
properties, which are not known
initially.
The design loads for wind and seismic
effects are applied to structures in
accordance with the applicable codes.

Frames with Partially Rigid Connections:

Semi rigid or partially rigid connections, as
the name implies, are those with their
rotational characteristics
somewhere in-between a fully rigid and a
simple connection.
These connections offer a
known rotational restraint at the beam-ends
resulting in significant reduction in mid-span
gravity moments.

 The connections and connected members

had capacity to resist the wind moments.
The girders were adequate to carry the
full gravity load as simple beams.
The connections had adequate inelastic
rotation capacity to avoid overstress of
the fasteners.
welds under combined gravity and wind
loading.

Connection Strength
The strength of a connection is the
maximum moment, that the
connection is capable of carrying.
If the momentrotation response
does not exhibit a peak load, then
the strength can betaken as the
moment at a rotation of 0.02 rad.

 Connections that transmit less than

20% of the fully plastic moment of the
beam at a rotation of 0.02 rad may be
considered to have no flexural
strength for design purposes.
Connection Ductility:
If the connection strength
substantially exceeds the fully plastic
moment capacity of the beam.

 ductility of the structural system is

controlled by the beam in which case
the connection.
If the connection strength only
marginally exceeds the fully plastic
moment capacity of the beam.
connection may experience
substantial inelastic deformation
before the beam reaches its full
strength.

 The ductility required of a connection

will therefore depend upon the
particular application.
Deflection Characteristics:
The lateral deflection components of a
rigid frame can be thought of as being
caused by two components
similar to the deflection components of
a prismatic cantilever beam.

 Normally for prismatic members when the

span-to-depth ratio is greater than 10 or
so, the bending deflection is by far the
more predominant component.
The deflection characteristics of a rigid
frame, on the other hand, are just the
opposite.
component analogous
to the shear deflection particularly for the
low-rise buildings.

 deflection picture and may amount to a large

percentage of the total deflection.
The split may be 70%30%, the 70% coming
from shear while the remaining 30% from
the bending component.
The bending and the
shear components of deflection are often
referred to as the cantilever bending and
frame racking,
each with its own distinct deflection mode.

Cantilever Bending Component:

Let us consider the lateral load effects of
wind acting on the vertical face of the
building.
This load causes overall bending of the
building with the bending moment reaching
the maximum value at the base.
The bending moment causes the building
to rotate resulting in axial deformation of
columns.

 The axial deformations of columns

causes the building to rotate about
the base resulting in lateral
deflection.
Shear Racking Component:
This phenomenon is analogous to
shear deflection and occurs as a
result of bending of individual beams
and columns.

 shear mode of deformation accounts

for the majority of the total sway and
in a typical rigid frame.
with column spacing at about 3540
ft (10.612.2 m) and a story height of
1213 ft (3.654.0 m),the beam
flexure contributes about 50%65%
of the shear racking.

 The bending of columns, on the other

hand, contributes about 10%20%.
This is because, in most moment
frames the ratio .
column stiffness to girder stiffness is
high resulting in a larger rotation of the
girders.
speaking, when it is desired to reduce
the deflection of a moment frame.

Methods of Analysis:
Invariably, for the past two decades, the
analysis and design of buildings is performed
using computer programs.
Hand calculations are rarely undertaken
except for very preliminary purposes.
The portal method is considered valid for
buildings less than 25 stories,
while the cantilever method is assumed good
for buildings in the 2540 story range.

 while the cantilever method is

assumed good for buildings in the
2540 story range.
Drift Calculations
Calculation of drift due to lateral
loads is a major task in the analysis
of tall building frames.
height-to-width ratio of the building
and the relative rigidity

Truss Moment Frames:

Truss moment frames consist of horizontal
trusses rigidly connected to columns.
The resistance to lateral displacement is
by traditional frame action.
energy dissipation is through flexural or
axial yielding of web members, depending
on the particular type of special segment
used.

CONCENTRIC BRACED FRAMES:

Generally speaking, rigid frame systems are
not efficient for buildings taller than about
20 stories because the shear racking
component of deflection due to bending of
columns and girders causes the drift to be
too large.
A braced frame improves upon the efficiency
of a rigid frame by virtually eliminating the
bending of columns and girders.

 The webs carry the lateral shear

predominantly by axial forces in the
braces thus minimizing bending of
beam and columns.
columns, beams, and braces
intersect at a common point such
that the member forces are axial
without significant moments.

 As a preliminary guide, a height-to-width ratio

of 810 is considered proper for a reasonably
efficient bracing system.
Braced-frame systems tend to be more
economical than moment-resisting frames
when material, fabrication, and erection costs
are considered.
In a typical office building, these walls
generally occur in the core area around stair
and elevator shafts, central rest rooms, and
mechanical and electrical rooms.

ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAMES :

CBFs are quite efficient from strength and
stiffness considerations and are used
widely in lower SDCs A and B
The eccentric beam element designed as
a fuse limits large forces from entering
the braces
The required stiffness during wind storms
or minor earthquakes is maintained .

 plastic hinges are formed under these

loads and all behaviour is elastic.
Although the deformation is larger than
in a concentrically braced frame
because of bending deformation of the
fuse, its contribution
* deflection is not significant because of
the relatively small length of the fuse.

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