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Arrangement of
Electrons in Atoms
dense
positive center of the
atom- nucleus
Atom is mostly empty
space
Electrons surround the
nucleus called the
nuclear atom model
Development of a
New Atomic Model
What
Double
Slit Experiment
Light
The study of light led to the development
of a new atomic model.
Visible light is a kind of electromagnetic
radiation, a form of energy that exhibits
wavelike properties
Electromagnetic radiation includes many
types: gamma rays, x-rays, radio waves
Speed of ALL electromagnetic radiation
(measured in a vacuum):
c = 3.0 x 108 m/s = 3.0 x 1010 cm/s
R O Y
Frequency Increases
Wavelength Longer
B I
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Parts of a wave
Crest
Wavelength
Amplitude
Origin
Trough
Equation:
c =
Low
Energy
High
Energy
Use Equation: c =
Photoelectric Effect
Light is a Particle?
E = h
1)
There are 2
equations:
c =
E = h
2)
Know these
including
constants!
Examples
1) What is the wavelength of blue
Continuous Spectrum
White
light is
made up of all
the colors of the
visible
spectrum.
Atomic Spectrum
By heating a gas
with electricity we
can get it to give off
colors.
Each element gives
off its own
characteristic colors.
Can be used to
identify the atom.
Hydrogens Line-Emission
Spectrum
Ground State
Hydrogen
{
{
Ultraviolet
The
Visible
Infrared
Electrons
levels.
Niels Bohr
However, electrons
are found in
specific circular
paths around the
nucleus, and can
jump from one
level to another.
Bohrs model
Energy
level of an electron
analogous to the rungs of a ladder
The electron cannot exist between
energy levels, just like you cant
stand between rungs on a ladder
A quantum is the amount of energy
required to move an electron from
one energy level to another
What is light?
and v is velocity)
Wave-Particle Duality
J.J. Thomson won the Nobel prize for describing the
electron as a particle.
His son, George Thomson won the Nobel prize for
describing the wave-like nature of the electron.
The
electron is
a particle!
The electron
is an energy
wave!
Classical
Werner Heisenberg
Before
Photon
Moving
Electron
After
Photon
wavelength
changes
Electron
velocity changes
d
h
8
V
m
x
22
Erwin
Erwin Schrodinger
Schrodinger
nucleus is
found inside a
blurry electron
cloud
An area where
there is a 90%
chance of finding
an electron.
Think of fan blades
Quantum Numbers
Quantum numbers describe atomic orbitals
and the location of electrons
Four quantum numbers:
1.Principal quantum number
2.Angular momentum quantum number
3.Magnetic quantum number
4.Spin quantum number
2n2
How many e- in level 2? 3?
Atomic Orbitals
Principal Quantum Number (n) = the
energy level of the electron: 1, 2, 3, etc.
As n increases, the average distance
from the nucleus increases.
Sublevels are within each energy level.
Number of sublevels equals n.
Orbitals type of sublevel. Shape of
orbital is based on probability: s
(sphere), p (dumbbell), d (cloverleaf), f
(complex)
Electrons Accommodated in
Energy Levels and Sublevels
Electrons Accommodated in
Energy Levels and Sublevels
# of
shapes
(orbitals)
Summary
Maximum
electrons
Starts at
energy level
6
10
14
By Energy Level
First Energy Level
Has only s orbital
only 2 e
1s2
Second Energy
Level
Has s and p
orbitals available
2 e- in s, 6 e- in p
2s22p6
8 total electrons
By Energy Level
Third energy level
Has s, p, and d
orbitals
2 e- in s, 6 e- in p,
and 10 e- in d
3s23p63d10
18 total electrons
4s24p64d104f14
32 total electrons
By Energy Level
Any
more than
the fourth and not
all the orbitals will
fill up.
You simply run
out of electrons
Increasing energy
7s
6s
5s
4s
3s
2s
1s
7p
6p
5p
4p
6d
5d
4d
5f
4f
3d
3p
2p Section 4.3 Electron
Configuration
Aufbau Diagram p. 111
Aufbau is German for building up
Electron Configurations
Arrangement of electrons in
various orbitals around the nuclei
of atoms.
Three rules to follow:
1) Aufbau principle - electrons enter
the lowest energy first.
Orbitals within sublevels are
equal energy.
Wolfgang Pauli
Electron Configurations
3) Hunds Rule- When electrons
Increasing energy
7s
6s
5s
4s
3s
2s
1s
7p
6p
6d
5d
5p
4d
4p
3p
5f
4f
3d
Increasing energy
7s
6s
5s
4s
3s
2s
1s
7p
6p
6d
5d
5p
4d
4p
5f
4f
3d
3p
2p
Increasing energy
7s
6s
5s
4s
3s
2s
7p
6p
6d
5d
5p
4d
4p
4f
3d
3p
2p
1s
5f
Increasing energy
7s
6s
5s
4s
3s
2s
7p
6p
6d
5d
5p
4d
4p
4f
3d
3p
2p
1s
5f
Increasing energy
7s
6s
5s
4s
3s
2s
7p
6p
6d
5d
5p
4d
4p
3p
3d
2p
1s
Orbital
notation
5f
4f
- 22 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2
Vanadium
- 23 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3
Chromium
- 24 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4 (expected)
But this is not what happens!!
Chromium is actually:
1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5
Why?
This
Coppers electron
configuration
Copper
has 29 electrons so we
expect: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9
But the actual configuration is:
1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10
This change gives one more filled
orbital and one that is half filled.
Remember
d9
Sample Problem A
Sample Problem B
a. Write both the complete electronconfiguration notation and the noblegas notation for a rubidium atom.
a. 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p65s1, [Kr]5s1