Vibrations Machine Foundations Rev 2

Vibrations
of
Machine Foundations
Richard P. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.
Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of South Carolina
USC
Thanks To:
Prof. Richard D. Woods, Notre Dame Univ.
Prof. F.E. Richart, Jr.
USC
Topics for Today

Fundamentals
Modeling
Properties
Performance
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Foundation Movement
Z
Y
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Performance
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Design Questions (1/4)
How Does It Fail?
Static Settlement
Dynamic Motion Too Large (0.02 mm is large)
Settlements Caused By Dynamic Motion
Liquefaction
What Are Maximum Values of Failure?
(Acceleration, Velocity, Displacement)
Fundamentals-Modeling-Properties-Design-Performance
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Velocity Requirements
Massarch (2004) "Mitigation of Traffic-Induced Ground Vibrations"
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What Are Relations Between Loads And

Failure Quantities
Loading -Machine (Periodic), Impluse, Natural

Relations Between Load, Structure, Foundation,
Soil, Neighboring Structures
Generate Model: Deterministic or Probabilistic
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How Do We Measure What Is Necessary?
Full Scale Tests

Prototype Tests
Small Scale Tests (Centrifuge)
Laboratory Tests (Specific Parameters)
Numerical Simulation
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What Factor of Safety Do We Use?
Does FOS Have Meaning

What Happens After There Is Failure
Loss of Life
Loss of Property
Loss of Production
Purpose of Project, Design Life, Value
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r -2
r -2 r -0.5
+
Rayleigh wave
Vertical
Horizontal
component component
Shear
wave
Relative
amplitude
r -1
+
Shear
window
r -1
Wave Type
Waves
r
Percentage of
Total Energy
Rayleigh
67
Shear
26
Compression
7
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Modeling Foundations
Lumped Parameter (m,c,k) Block System
Impedance Functions
Function of Frequency (), Layers
Boundary Elements (BEM)
Parameters Constant, Layer, Special
Infinite Boundary, Interactions, Layers
Finite Element/Hybrid (FEM, FEM-BEM)
Complex Geometry, Non-linear Soil

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Lumped Parameter
P Po sin( t )
m
c
mz cz kz P0 sin(t )
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SDOF
Mag
Adynamic
Astatic
2 2
2 D
n
n
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Lumped Parameter System

Z
mz z cz z k z z P0 sin( t )
Cz
Kz
k
n
m
Kx
X
Cx
K
C/2
C/2
D c ccr
ccr 2 k m
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Lumped Parameter Values

Mode
Vertical
4Gr
Stiffness k
1
Mass Ratio m(1 )
4 r 3
mm
0.425
Damping
Ratio, D
m 1 / 2
Fictitious 0.27 m
Mass
m
Horizontal
Rocking
Torsion
8Gr
2
m( 2 )
8 r 3
0.288
m 1/ 2
0.095m
m
8Gr 3
3(1 )
3I (1 )
16Gr 3
3
I
r 5
8r 5
0.15
(1 m )m 1/ 2
0.24 I x
m
0.50
1 2m
0.24 I z
m
D=c/ccr G=Shear Modulus =Poisson's Ratio r=Radius

=Mass Density I,I=Mass Moment of Inertia
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Mass Ratio
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Design Example 1
VERTICAL COMPRESSOR
Unbalanced Forces
Vertical
Primanry
= 7720 lb
Vertical
Secondary
= 1886 lb
Horzontal
Primary
Horizontal
104 lb
Secondary =
0 lb
Operating Speed
450 rpm
Wt Machine + Motor = 10 900 lb
Soil Properties
DESIGN CRITERION:
Shear Wave Velocity Vs = 680 ft/sec
Smooth Operation At Speed
Shear Modulus,
G = 11 000 psi
Velocity <0.10 in/sec
Density,
= 110 lb/ft3
Displacement < 0.002 in
Poisson's Ratio,
= 0.33
Jump to Chart
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Q0
(1 )Q0 0.667(7720 1885)
Azs
0.002"
kz
4Gr
4 11 000 r
r 72.8" 6.07'
Try a 15 x 8 x 3 foundation block, Area = 120 ft2 and r = 6.18 ft
Weight = 54,000 lb Total Weight = 54 000 + 10 900 = 64 900
m
(1 ) W g 0.67 64 900
0.42
3
3
4r g 4 110 6.18
0.425
1
D
0.66 M z 1.0
m
2D
Az dynamic Az static 0.002"
Jump to Figure
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18'
Design Example - Table Top

Q0=400 lb
34'
W=550 000 lb
I=2.88 x 106 ft-lb-sec2
DESIGN CRITERION
18'
11'
0.20 in/sec Horizontal Motion at

Machine Centerline
Soil Properties
Ax = 0.0015 in. from combined

rocking and sliding
Shear Wave Velocity Vs = 770 ft/sec
Speed = 160 rpm
Shear Modulus,
G = 14 000 psi
Slower speeds, Ax can be larger
Density,
= 110 lb/ft3
Poisson's Ratio,
= 0.33
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Horizontal Translation Only

4cd
4 18 34
2 m
13.96 ft m
0.38
3
8 r
0.288
Q Q 2
D 1/ 2 0.465 Mag x 1.0 Ax static 0 0
3.0 105 in
m
kx
8 Gr
Equivanlent
Rocking About Point "O"

3
3
16
cd
16
17
9
Equivalent r 4
4
12.0 ft
3
3
120 rpm 12.5 rad / sec
k
8Gr 8 (14 000 144) 12.04
2.90 108
8
k
2.90 10 lb / ft n
10 rad / sec
6
2
2 0.33
I
2.88 10
3(1 ) I
3(0.67) 2.88 106
m
0.83
110
8
r 5
8
5
(12.04)
32.2
0.15
D
0.09 Mag 5.6 Static Moment M o 400 18 7200 ft lbs.
(1 m ) m
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Static Angular Deflection s
M o 7200 3(0.67) 0.50
6 rad
8
k
2.9 10
10
0.50
4
(
18
12
)
1
.
0
10
in
6
10
At Resonance 5.6(1.0 10 4 ) 5.6 10 4 in.
Horizontal Motion Axs s h
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Impedance Methods
Based on Elasto-Dynamic Solutions

Compute Frequency-Dependent Impedance
Values (Complex-Valued)
Solved By Boundary Integral Methods
Require Uniform, Single Layer or Special Soil
Property Distribution
Solved For Many Foundation Types
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Impedance Functions
P Poeit Po cos( t ) i sin( t )
Sz
Rz
2K
Sz
K i C K STATIC k ( ) i C
DSOIL
Az
Radiation Damping
Soil Damping
Jump Wave
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Impedance Functions
a0 r
G
Vs
Luco and Westmann (1970)
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Layer
Effects
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Impedance Functions
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Boundary Element
Stehmeyer and Rizos, 2006

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B-Spline Impulse Response Approach
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M z K z p eit
z Z eit then
2
K M Z p
Finite/Hybrid
Model
G* G 1 2 2 2i 1 2
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Dynamic p-y Curves
Tahghighi and Tonagi 2007
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Soil Properties
Shear Modulus, G and Damping Ratio, D
Soil Type
Confining Stress
Void Ratio
Strain Level
Field: Cross-Hole, Down-Hole, Surface

Analysis of Seismic Waves SASW
Laboratory: Resonant Column, Torsional
Simple Shear, Bender Elements
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Crosshole Testing
Oscilloscope
ASTM D 4428
Pump
t
Shear Wave Velocity:
Vs = x/t
Downhole
Hammer
(Source)
Test
Depth
packer
Note: Verticality of casing
must be established by
slope inclinometers to correct
distances x with depth.
Slope
Inclinometer
PVC-cased
Borehole
Velocity
Transducer
(Geophone
Receiver)
Slope
Inclinometer
PVC-cased
Borehole
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Resonant Column Test
G, D for Different
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Torsional Shear Test
Schematic
Stress-Strain
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Hollow Cylinder RC-TOSS
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TOSS Test Results
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Steam Turbine-Generator
(Moreschi and Farzam, 2003)
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Machine Foundation Design Criteria
Deflection criteria: maintain turbine-generator

alignment during machine operating conditions
Dynamic criteria: ensure that no resonance

condition is encountered during machine
operating conditions
Jump to Resonance
Strength criteria: reinforced concrete design
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STG Pedestal Structure
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Vibration Properties Evaluation

Identification of the foundation natural
frequencies for the dominant modes
Frequency exclusion zones for the natural
frequencies of the foundation system and
individual structural members (20%)
Eigenvalue analysis: natural frequencies,
mode shapes, and mass participation
factors
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Finite Element Model

Structure and Base
Z
Y
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Low Frequency Modes

1st mode
6.5 Hz
95 % m.p.f.
2nd mode
7.2 Hz
76 % m.p.f
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High Frequency Modes
28th mode
46.3 Hz
0.3% m.p.f
42nd mode
64.6 Hz
0.03% m.p.f
Excitation frequency: 50-60 Hz

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Local Vibration Modes
Identification of natural
frequencies for individual
structural members
Quantification of changes
on vibration properties due
to foundation modifications
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ATST Telescope and FE Model
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Assumptions in FE analyses
Optics Lab mass/Instrument weight = 228 tons

Wind mean force = 75 N, RMS = 89 N
Ground base excitation PSD = 0.004 g2/hz
Concrete Pier
High Strength Concrete (E=3.11010 N/m2, =0.15)
Soil Stiffness, k
Four different values using Arya & ONeils

formula based on the site test data (Shear
modulus:30~75ksi, Poissons ratio:0.35~0.45)
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Frequency vs Soil Stiffness

Stiffness units = SI, frequency mode (hz)
Soil property range: Shear modulus (30~75ksi), Poissons ratio (0.35~0.45)

Pier Footing: Diameter (23.3m)
min for shear modulus of 30 ksi; max for 75 ksi
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Summary and Conclusions (Cho, 2005)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
High fidelity FE models were created

Relative mirror motions from zenith to horizon pointing: about 400 m in
translation and 60 rad in rotation.
Natural frequency changes by 2 hz as height changes by 10m.
Wind buffeting effects caused by dynamic portion (fluctuation) of wind
Modal responses sensitive to stiffness of bearings and drive disks
Soil characteristics were the dominant influences in modal

behavior of the telescopes.
Fundamental Frequency (for a lowest soil stiffness):
OSS=20.5hz; OSS+base=9.9hz; SS+base+Coude+soil=6.3hz
A seismic analysis was made with a sample PSD
ATST structure assembly is adequately designed:
1.
Capable of supporting the OSS
2.
Dynamically stiff enough to hold the optics stable
3.
Not significantly vulnerable to wind loadings
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Free-Field Analytical Solutions

uz
ur
L0V
2 r
RV (a0 ) H 0
u z (r , ,0) i
3
2
CR
M 0V
ur (r , ,0) i
3
2
RV (a0 ) H
CR
2
1
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Trench
Isolation
Karlstrom and Bostrom 2007

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Chehab and Nagger 2003

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Celibi et al (in press)
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Thank-you
Questions?
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r -2
r -2 r -0.5
+
Rayleigh wave
Vertical
Horizontal
component component
Shear
wave
Relative
amplitude
r -1
+
Shear
window
r
r -1
Wave Type
Percentage of
Total Energy
Rayleigh
67
Shear
26
Compression
7
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Waves
Rayleigh, R
Surface
Shear,S
Secondary
Compression, P
Primary
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Machine Performance Chart

Performance Zones
A=No Faults, New
B=Minor Faults,
Good Condition
C = Faulty, Correct
In 10 Days To Save
$$
0.002
D = Failure Is Near,
Correct In 2 Days
E = Stop Now
450
USC

Vibrations Machine Foundations Rev 2

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Vibrations Machine Foundations Rev 2

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Vibrations

Topics for Today

Design Questions (1/4)

How Does It Fail?

Massarch (2004) "Mitigation of Traffic-Induced Ground Vibrations"

Design Questions (2/4)

What Are Relations Between Loads And

Loading -Machine (Periodic), Impluse, Natural

Design Questions (3/4)

How Do We Measure What Is Necessary?

Full Scale Tests

Design Questions (4/4)

What Factor of Safety Do We Use?

Does FOS Have Meaning

Purpose of Project, Design Life, Value

Lumped Parameter (m,c,k) Block System

Function of Frequency (), Layers

Boundary Elements (BEM)

Parameters Constant, Layer, Special

Infinite Boundary, Interactions, Layers

Finite Element/Hybrid (FEM, FEM-BEM)

Complex Geometry, Non-linear Soil

Lumped Parameter System

Lumped Parameter Values

D=c/ccr G=Shear Modulus =Poisson's Ratio r=Radius

Wt Machine + Motor = 10 900 lb

Shear Wave Velocity Vs = 680 ft/sec

Smooth Operation At Speed

Velocity <0.10 in/sec

Displacement < 0.002 in

Design Example - Table Top

0.20 in/sec Horizontal Motion at

Ax = 0.0015 in. from combined

Shear Wave Velocity Vs = 770 ft/sec

Speed = 160 rpm

Slower speeds, Ax can be larger

Horizontal Translation Only

Rocking About Point "O"

120 rpm 12.5 rad / sec

Static Angular Deflection s

M o 7200 3(0.67) 0.50

Horizontal Motion Axs s h

Based on Elasto-Dynamic Solutions

Luco and Westmann (1970)

Stehmeyer and Rizos, 2006

B-Spline Impulse Response Approach

Dynamic p-y Curves

Tahghighi and Tonagi 2007

Shear Modulus, G and Damping Ratio, D

Field: Cross-Hole, Down-Hole, Surface

Resonant Column Test

Torsional Shear Test

Hollow Cylinder RC-TOSS

TOSS Test Results

Machine Foundation Design Criteria

Deflection criteria: maintain turbine-generator

Dynamic criteria: ensure that no resonance

Strength criteria: reinforced concrete design

STG Pedestal Structure

Vibration Properties Evaluation

Finite Element Model

Low Frequency Modes

High Frequency Modes

Excitation frequency: 50-60 Hz