A

PRESENTATION
ON
ESCALATORS
AND
INTERCOMMUNICATION AND
MONITORING DEVICES
PRESENTED BY
LOKAKSHI(15/07)
MANPREET(16/07)
SONIKA(19/07)

An escalator is a moving staircase a conveyor transport

device for of a quick , continuous , safe & reliable movement of
people between floors of a building.
The device consists of a motor -driven chain of individual,
linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step
treads to remain horizontal.
Escalators were first introduced at the Exposition
Universelle of 1900in Paris, Built by the Otis elevator
company.
Continuously receives and discharges its live load at a
constant speed with practically no waiting periods at any
landing.

Time is not lost by acceleration, retardation, leveling, door

operation or by passenger interferences.

LOCATION: They must be placed directly in the main line of circulation.

Placed in & with a total & even dominating view of area served.
Rider must be able: Immediately locate the escalators
Recognize the escalators destination
To comfortably orient himself & move towards escalators
Sufficient lobby space must be provided at base for queuing most particular
at discharge.

Standard Escalator

COMPONENTS
I.

Truss- welded steel frame that supports entire apparatus

ii.

Tracks- steel angles attached to the truss on which the step rollers

are guided (controlling motion of the steps)

iii. Handrail- driven by sheaves powered from the top sprocket
assembly.
Synchronized with the tread motion to provide stability for
passengers.
Disappear at inaccessible points at newels
iv. Transparent balustrades- made of tempered glass (crystal
balustrades).
v. Control cabinet- contains malfunction indicators and drive controls.
May contain a microprocessor malfunction analyzer and communication
means for transmitting escalator operating
conditions to a central control point

Arrangements
Escalators have two typical configuration arrangements:
parallel escalators:
"side by side or separated by a distance",
These are seen often in metro stations and multilevel
picture theatres,

 crisscross arrangement:
It minimizes structural space requirements by "stacking" escalators
that go in one direction,
These are frequently used in department stores or shopping centres.

Criss cross arrangement

CRISS-CROSS
ARRANGEMENT

PARALLEL ARRANGEMENT

LOWER COST

MORE EXPENSIVE

MINIMUM FLOOR AREA

OCCUPIED

VERY IMPRESSIVE
APPEARANCE

LOWEST STRUCTURAL
REQUIREMENTS

MORE STRUCTURAL
REQUIREMENTS

FAVORED

LESS FAVORED

SPEED :The typical angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor

level is 30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m).
The Safety Code Limits Escalators Speed To 125 Fpm Along The
Axis Of Rise.
In actual practice two different speeds are available :-

90 fpm
120 fpm

SIZE :WIDTHS = 32 & 48.

16 DEPTH & 8 RISE..

TREAD =24 & 40.

STEP
Width

CAPACITY :32 (WIDTH)

48 (WIDTH)
32

1-1/4
PERSONS PER
STEP

SPEED
FPM

48

2 PERSONS
PER STEP.

90
120
90
120

PASSENGER
PER
HOUR
MAXIMUM

PASSENGER
PER
HOUR
NOMINAL

5000
6666

3750
5025

8000
10665

6000
8025

HANDRAIL:The hand rail is driven by sheaves.

TRACTION SHEAVE

Powered from the top sproket

assembly
Provides stability to the riding
passenger
Support to entering and leaving
passenger

BALUSTRADE ASSEMBLY

It is designed for
maximum safety of
person stepping on or
off the escalators

TRUSS
THE TRUSS IS A 3 SECTION
BUILT UP WELDED STEEL
SECTION WHICH SUPPORTS
THE MOVING STAIRWAY
EQUIPMENTS.

TYPICAL STEP ASSEMBLY:COMB PATTERN

To prevent materials being caught between
riser and tread

RISER=8

Pattern of steps in exposed and return

Positions.

SPIRAL ESCALATORS:-

Steps traveling in a
curve..
The spiral implies a corkscrew pattern of
motion , but these steps stagger in curves but
named as spiral- nomenclatured as spiral
escalators
Move a crescent traveling a 120-170 degree radius
depending on the rise
They are rated to rise 90 ft./Min. As measured at
their outer side at an angle of 38 degree ; as
measured in the inner side in arise of 218
Each escalators weight about 30 tonnes placed
over the truss weighting 15 tonnes
Carrying capacity of this system is 6800 person / hr in an
operation reversible up & down.

PICTURES SHOWING
SPIRAL STAIR CASE

SAFETY FEATURES
i.

Handrails and steps travel at the same speed to assure steadiness and
balance and to aid stepping on/off the comb plates.

ii. Steps are large and steady and are designed to prevent slipping.
iii. Step design and step levelling with the comb plates at each landing
prevent tripping upon entering or leaving the escalator. Accomplished with
two or three horizontal steps at either end of escalator.
iv. Balustrade designed to prevent catching of passengers clothing or
packages. Close clearances provide safety near the comb plates and step
treads
v. Adequate illumination provided by the building at all landings, at the comb
plates and down all stairways.

vi. Automatic service brake will bring stop stairway if:

1. Drive chain or step chain is broken/ stretched
2. Foreign object is jammed into handrail inlet, between skirt guard
and step, or between steps,
causing them to separate
3. Power failure occurs
4. Emergency stop button is operated
5. Fire safety system devices operate
6. Tread sags, rises or breaks
7. Drive motor malfunction occurs
vii. In case of over speed/ under speed, an automatic governor shuts
down escalator, prevents reversal of direction and operates service
brake. If escalator is stopped by operation of a safety device,
passengers can walk the steps.

Conveyor Belt
A conveyor belt (or belt conveyor) consists of two or more pulleys,
with a continuous loop of material
. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the
material on the belt forward.
The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered
pulley is called the idler.
. Belt is manufactured by joining several layers or plies of woven cotton
duck into as carcass :To provide the strength
To resist tension in the belt
The layers are covered with adhesive which combines them into
unified structure.
Then the belt is covered with rubber

:-to protect the carcass from abrasion and injury

RUBBER
ADHESIVE
PLIES

ADHESIVE
LAYER IS
INCREASED
RUBBER
LAYER IS
INCREASED
FROM THE
CENTER

TYPES OF CONVEYOR BELT:-

A.
B.
C.
D.

STANDARD
SHOCK PAD
STEPPED PAD
STEPPED PLY

STEPPED PLY
IS USED

INTERCOMMUNICATION AND MONITORING DEVICES

An intercom (intercommunication device), talkback or door
phone is a stand-alone voice communications system for use
within a building or small collection of buildings, functioning
independently of the public telephone network.
Intercoms are generally mounted permanently in buildings and
vehicles.
Intercoms

can

incorporate

connections

to

public address loudspeaker systems, walkie talkies, telephones,

and to other intercom systems.
These can meet our communication needs but it can also provide
security to business ,building or property.

 Traditional

intercom

systems

are

composed

entirely

of

analogue electronics components but many new features and

interfacing options can be accomplished with new intercom systems
based on digital connections.
With motion sensors set up in every area, particularly in places with
light foot traffic or isolated ones, any unknown entries or suspicious
movements detected will be reported by way of handheld radios or
intercom base.
Portable

intercoms

special event production crews

are

commonly
and

used

professional sports

by
teams.

Performing arts venues such as theaters and concert halls often have a
combination of permanently mounted and portable intercom elements.

BASIC INTERCOM SYSTEM TERMS

Master Station or Base Station These are units that can control the
system, i.e., initiate a call with any of the stations and make announcements
over the whole system.
Sub-station Units that are capable of only initiating a call with a
Master Station but not capable of initiating calls with any other stations
(sometimes called slave units).
Door Station Like sub-stations, these units are only capable of
initiating a call to a Master Station. They are typically weather-proof.
Intercom Station Full-featured remote unit that is capable of initiating
and receiving party-line conversation, individual conversation and
signalling. May be rack-mounted, wall-mounted or portable.
Wall Mount Station fixed-position intercom station with built-in
loudspeaker. May have flush-mounted microphone, hand-held push to talk
microphone or telephone-style handset.

Belt Pack portable intercom station worn on the belt.

-Requires a headset or handset.
Handset permanent or portable telephone- style connection to an intercom station.
- Holds both an earpiece and a push to talk microphone.
Headset portable intercom connection from a belt pack to one or both
ears via headphones with integrated microphone on a boom arm.
Paging Signal An audible and/or visual alert at an intercom station,
indicating that someone at another station wants to initiate a conversation.
Power Supply Used to feed power to all units.
-Often incorporated into the design of the base station.

WIRING INTERCOMS
Voice signals of about a volt or two are carried a
top a direct current power rail of 12, 30 or 48 volts which uses a pair
of conductors.
Signal light indications between stations can be accomplished
through the use of additional conductors or can be carried on the
main voice pair via tone frequencies sent above or below the
speech frequency range.
Multiple channels of simultaneous conversations can be carried
over additional conductors within a cable or by frequency- or
time-division multiplexing in the analogue domain.
Multiple channels can easily be carried by packet-switched digital
intercom signals.

TWO-WIRE BROADCAST INTERCOMS

These Intercom systems are widely used in TV stations and outside
broadcast vehicles such as those seen at sporting events or entertainment
venues.
The two channel variety used a 32 Volt impedance generating
central power supply to drive external stations or belt packs.
This type of format allowed the two channels to operate in
standard microphone cable, a feature highly desired by the
broadcasters.
These systems were very simple to design, maintain and
operate but had limited capacity and flexibility as they were
usually hardwired.

Four-wire broadcast intercoms

In the mid-90s four-wire technology started gaining more
prominence due to the technology getting cheaper and smaller.
Four-wire circuit technology had been around for quite some time
but was very expensive to implement.
It usually required a large footprint in the physical television
studio, thus was only used at very large stations or TV networks.

A modern four-wire intercom system

capable of 272 sources and
destinations manufactured by Telex
Communications Inc.

WIRELESS INTERCOMS
These are installed where it is not desirable to run wires to support an intercom
system
Installation is much easier since no wires have to be run between intercom
units.
The units can be easily moved at any time.
Encrypted wireless intercoms can reduce or eliminate privacy risks, while
placement, installation, construction, grounding and shielding methods can
reduce or eliminate the detrimental effects of external interference.
The United States and Canada have several frequency ranges for wireless
intercom systems and other wireless products. They are 49 MHz,
FM band (200KH 270 kHz), 494608 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and
MURS (150 MHz).

TELEPHONE INTERCOMS
Some telephones include intercom functions that enable paging
and conversation between instruments of similar make and
model.
Installation effort is minimal, and is not vulnerable to the radio
interference and security issues of wireless systems.

BASIC NETWORK TOPOLOGY

A communication network is composed of nodes, each of which
has computing power and can transmit and receive messages
over communication links, wireless or cabled.
The basic network topologies are shown in the figure and
include fully connected, mesh, star, ring, tree, bus.
A single network may consist of several interconnected subnets
of different topologies.
Networks are further classified as Local Area Networks (LAN),
e.g. inside one building, or Wide Area Networks (WAN), e.g.
between buildings.

Monitoring devices are the devices that takes signals and displays them
on a television screen or a computer monitor.
Electronic monitoring devices have the ability to screen a person's actions
during an allotted amount of time.
Types of monitoring devices
Passive Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) Tracking Device
. The device has the capability to store the names of locations to which a
person is allowed to travel.
The electronic device monitors a person's whereabouts and records the
information. A staff member receives the information that the device collects
via a telephone line.

Active Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) Tracking Device

The system tracks a person's exact location via satellites and sends the
data to officers at scheduled intervals.
When the person wearing the device travels to a restricted area, a staff
member receives a page.
Vehicle Ignition Interlock
The ignition interlock is an electronic monitoring device installed in
an automobile to evaluate a person for alcohol usage.
When the device detects alcohol on the person's breath, the device will
not allow the car's engine to start..

The figure shows the complexity of wireless sensor networks,

which generally consist of a data acquisition network and a
data distribution network, monitored and controlled by a

CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to

transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.
The term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in
areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports,
military installations, and convenience store
The first closed-circuit television cameras used in public spaces were,
conspicuous, low definition black and white systems without the ability
to zoom or pan.
Modern CCTV cameras use small high-definition color cameras that
can not only focus to resolve minute detail, but by linking the control of
the cameras to a computer, objects can be tracked semi-automatically.

The technology that enable this is often referred to as

Video Content Analysis (VCA), and is currently being developed
by a large number of technological companies around the world.
The current technology enable the systems to recognize if a
moving object is a walking person, a crawling person or a vehicle.

Surveillance camera at
London (Heathrow) Airport

Surveillance camera outside a

McDonald's highway drive-in

Monitoring station of a
small office building

Eye-in-the-sky surveillance dome

camera watching from a high steel pole

A growing branch in CCTV is internet protocol cameras (IP cameras).

IP cameras use the Internet Protocol (IP) used by most
Local Area Networks (LANs) to transmit video across data networks in
digital form.
IP can optionally be transmitted across the public internet, allowing
users to view their camera(s) through any internet connection available
Easythrough
ConnectaWireless
IP camera
computer
or a 3G phone.

THANKS.