Lecture - 05 Welded Connections

N.W.F.P.
University of
Engineering and Technology
Peshawar
Lecture 05: Welded connections
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
1
Topics to be Addressed
Welding
Types of welds
Welded Joints
Welding processes
Nomenclature of welds
Welding symbols
CE-409: Lecture 05
Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan
Topics to be Addressed
Stresses in Welds
Specifications for Welds
Code Requirements
Design Examples
CE-409: Lecture 05
Welding
It is a process of joining parts by means of
heat & pressure, causes fusion of parts.
OR
Heating metal to fusion temperature with or
without addition of weld metals.
Code
CE-409: Lecture 05
& specification: American Welding Society

(AWS)
Types of Welds
Welds are classified according to their shape
and method of deposition into:
1.Groove Weld
2.Fillet Weld
3.Plug Weld
4.Slot Weld
CE-409: Lecture 05
Types of Welds
1. Groove Weld is made in opening
between two parts being joined.
CE-409: Lecture 05
Types of Welds
2. Fillet Weld triangular in shape, joins
surfaces which are at an angle with one
another.
CE-409: Lecture 05
Types of Welds
Groove Weld and Fillet Weld
Groove welds are more efficient than fillet
welds.
Have greater resistance to repeated stress and

Impact loaded. Hence preferable for dynamically
loaded members.
Groove welds require less weld metal than fillet

weld of equal strength.
But fillet welds are often used in structural

work. WHY ?
CE-409: Lecture 05
Types of Welds
Groove Weld and Fillet Weld
But fillet welds are often used in structural work
WHY ?
Partly because many connections are more
easily made with fillet welds and
Partly because groove welds require the
member of structure to be cut to rather close
tolerances.
CE-409: Lecture 05
Types of Welds
3. Plug Weld is made by depositing weld
metal in a circular hole in one of two
lapped places.
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Types of Welds
4. Slot Weld similar to plug but the hole is
elongated.
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Types of Welds
Groove weld
Fillet weld
Plug weld
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Slot weld
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Types of Welds
Welds are classified according to the
position of weld during welding as
1.Flat
2.Horizontal
3.Vertical
4.Overhead
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Types of Welds
1. Flat: Executed from above, the weld
face approximately horizontal.
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Types of Welds
2. Horizontal: Similar to Flat weld but weld is
harder to make.
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Types of Welds
3. Vertical: Longitudinal axis of weld is
vertical.
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Types of Welds
4. Overhead: Welding is done from underside
of the joint.
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Types of Welds
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Welded Joints
They are classified as:
1. Butt Joint is groove-welded
2. Lap Joint
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is fillet-welded
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Welded Joints
1. Tee Joint
can be fillet-welded or groove-welded
2. Corner Joint
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Welding processes
There are three methods of Welding:
1.Forge welding
2.Resistance welding
3.Fusion welding
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Welding processes
1. Forge welding:
It consists of simply heating the pieces
above certain temperature and
hammering them together
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Welding processes
2. Resistance welding
Metal parts are joined by means of heat and
pressure which causes fusion of parts.
Heat is generated by electrical resistance to
a current of high amperage & low voltage
passing through small area of contact
between parts to be connected.
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Welding processes
3. Fusion welding:
Metal is heated to fusion temperature
with or without addition of weld metal
Method of connecting pieces by molten
metal
i.
Oxyacetylene welding
ii. Electric arc welding
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Welding processes
Metal Arc Welding
Arc is a sustained spark between a metallic
electrode and work to be welded.
At the instant arc is formed the temperature of
work and tip of electrode are brought to melting
point.
As the tip of electrode melts, tiny globules of
molten metal form.
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Welding processes
Metal Arc Welding
The molten metal, when exposed to air
combines chemically with oxygen & nitrogen

forming oxides & nitrides, which tend to embrittle
it & less corrosive resistant.
Tough, ductile weld are produced if molten pool
is shielded by an inert gas, which envelops

molten metal & tip of electrode.
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Welding processes
Metal Arc Welding
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Welding processes
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
When an arc is struck between the metal rod
(electrode) and the work piece, both the rod and
work piece surface melt to form a weld pool.
Simultaneous melting of the flux coating on the
rod will form gas and slag which protects the weld
pool from the surrounding atmosphere.
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Welding processes
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
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Welding processes
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
A bare wire is fed through welding head at a rate
to maintain constant arc length.
Welding is shielded by blanket of granular fusible
material fed onto the work area by gravity, in an
amount sufficient to submerge the arc completely.
In addition to protecting weld from atmosphere,
the covering aids in controlling rate of cooling of
weld.
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Welding processes
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
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Welding processes
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
It utilizes the heat of an arc between a
continuously fed consumable flux cored electrode
and the work.
The heat of the arc melts the surface of the base
metal and the end of the electrode.
The metal melted off the electrode is transferred
across the arc to the work piece, where it
becomes the deposited weld metal.
Shielding is obtained from the disintegration of
ingredients contained within the flux cored
electrode.
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Welding processes
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
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Welding processes
Metal-Arc Inert Gas (MIG) Welding
MIG Welding refers to the wire that is used to
start the arc.
It is shielded by inert gas and the feeding wire
also acts as the filler rod.
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Welding processes
Metal-Arc Inert Gas (MIG) Welding
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Welding processes
Tungsten-Arc Inert Gas (TIG) Welding
The arc is started with a tungsten electrode
shielded by inert gas and filler rod is fed into the
weld puddle separately.
The gas shielding that is required to protect the
molten metal from contamination is supplied
through the torch.
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Welding processes
Tungsten-Arc Inert Gas (TIG) Welding
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Welding processes
Important considerations
Large fillet welds made manually require two or
more passes.
Each pass must cool, and slag must be removed before

next pass.
Most efficient fillet welds are those which can be

made in one pass.
CE-409: Lecture 05
38
Welding processes
Largest size can be made in one pass depends
upon welding position & should not exceed the
following.
5/16
Horizontal or overhead
3/8
Flat position
1/2
Vertical position
Thickness of weld = Thickness of material 1/16
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Welding processes
A fillet weld that is too small compared with the
thickness of the material being welded is affected

adversely during cooling.
The amount of heat required to deposit a small
weld is not sufficient to produce appreciable

expansion of the thick material, and as hotter
weld contracts during cooling it is restrained by
being attached to the cooler material and tensile
stresses produce, may cause crack of the weld.
CE-409: Lecture 05
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Nomenclature of Welds
The part of weld assumed to be effective in
transferring stress is Throat.
The faces of weld in contact with the parts joined
is called its Legs..
For equal-legged fillet weld throat is 0.707s, where
s is leg size.
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Standard Welding
symbols
Fillet Weld
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Standard Welding
symbols
Fillet Weld
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Standard Welding
symbols
Fillet Weld
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Standard Welding
symbols
Fillet Weld
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Standard Welding smbols

Fillet Weld
Unequal legs
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Standard Welding
symbols
Groove Weld
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Standard Welding
symbols
Groove Weld
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Standard Welding
symbols
Groove Weld
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Standard Welding
symbols
Plug & Slot Weld
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Stresses In Welds
Groove weld may be stressed in tension,
compression, shear, or a combination of
tension, compression and shear, depending
upon the direction and position of load
relative to weld.
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Stresses In Welds
f = P / (LTe)
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Stresses In Welds
The load P in Fig is resisted by shearing force
P/2, on the throat of each fillet weld.
f = (P /2) / (LTe)
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Stresses In Welds
It is customary to take the force on a fillet weld
as a shear on the throat irrespective of the
direction of load relative to throat.
P 2 / 4
CE-409: Lecture 05
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Stresses In Welds
Tests have shown that a fillet weld
transverse to the load is much stronger
than a fillet weld of same size parallel to
the load.
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Stresses In Welds
Load sharing of P, between two
longitudinal fillet & one transverse fillet
weld depends either on:
Proportional to their
length if welds are of

same size.
Proportional to the area
for different size weld.
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Stresses In Welds
Any abrupt discontinuity or change in section of
member such as notch or a sharp reentrant
corner, interrupts the transmission of stress
along smooth lines.
Joint is elongated in direction of load to produce a more uniform
transfer of stress
These concentrations are of no consequence for static loads, but
they are significant where fatigue is involved.
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Specifications for Welded

Connections
Welding electrodes are classified on the basis of
mechanical properties of weld metal, Welding
position, type of coating, and type of Current
required.
Each electrode is identified by code number
EXXXXX.
E stands for Electrode and each X represents
number.
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Connections
First two or three numbers denote the tensile
strength in Ksi.
Next No. position in which electrode can be used.
e.g. 1: all positions, 2: flat & horizontal fillet welds, 3: flat welding only
Last No. denotes type of covering, type of current

& polarity.
CE-409: Lecture 05
59

Connections
Example: E7018 means
Tensile strength 70 Ksi
1 means can be used in all positions
8 means it is iron-powder, low-hydrogen electrode

used with A.C or D.C but only in reverse polarity.
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Code Requirements
AISC/ASD
Allowable stress in welded connection is given in Table

2-21
AISC/LRFD
Design strengths of welds are given in Table 2-22 with

resistance factor .
CE-409: Lecture 05
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Code Requirements
AASHTO
Allowable stress are more conservative than AISC. e.g.

0.27Fu for fillet weld, Fu is tensile strength of electrode
but not less than tensile strength of connected part.
AREA
Allowable shear stress on fillet welds are given as

function of base material and strength of weld metal.
e.g.
A36. Electrode or electrode-flux combinations with:
60,000 psi tensile strength
16,500 psi
70,000 psi tensile strength
19,500 psi
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Code Requirements
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Code Requirements
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Code Requirements
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Code Requirements
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Code Requirements
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Design Problem
68
Example Problem 1 - ASD
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Final Design
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Example Problem 2 LRFD
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10
Final Design
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Thanks
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N.W.F.P.

Lecture 05: Welded connections

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

& specification: American Welding Society

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Have greater resistance to repeated stress and

Groove welds require less weld metal than fillet

But fillet welds are often used in structural

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

can be fillet-welded or groove-welded

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

ii. Electric arc welding

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

combines chemically with oxygen & nitrogen

Tough, ductile weld are produced if molten pool

is shielded by an inert gas, which envelops

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Each pass must cool, and slag must be removed before

Most efficient fillet welds are those which can be

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Thickness of weld = Thickness of material 1/16

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

thickness of the material being welded is affected

The amount of heat required to deposit a small

weld is not sufficient to produce appreciable

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

Standard Welding smbols