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SUBJECT:

Building Materials & Construction


B. Tech. III (Civil), 5th Semester

SUBJECT TEACHER:
Bhaven N. Tandel
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
SV National Institute of Technology, Surat.
bnt@ced.svnit.ac.in
(+91) 98255 53175

STONES

CLASSIFICATION OF
ROCKS

GEOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION

IGNEOUS ROCKS
The inside portion of the earths surface has high
temperatures so as to cause fusion by heat at
even ordinary pressure.
The molten rocky material is known as:- MAGMA
This magma occasionally tries to come out to the
earths surface through cracks or weak portions.
The rocks which are formed by the cooling of
magma are known as IGNEOUS ROCKS

CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS
ROCKS

PLUTONIC ROCKS
These are formed due to cooling of magma at a
considerable depth from earths surface.
The cooling is slow and the rocks possess coarsely
grained crystalline structure
Commonly used in building industry.
E.g.:- Granite.

HYPABYSSAL ROCKS
These are formed due to cooling of magma at a
relatively shallow depth from the earths surface.
The cooling is quick.
Have finely grained crystalline structure.
E.g.:- Dolerite.

HYPABYSSAL ROCKS

VOLCANIC ROCKS
These are formed due to pouring of magma at
earths surface.
The cooling is very rapid.
Extremely fine grained.
They frequently contain some quantity of glass
which is non-crystalline material.
E.g.:- Basalt.

BASALT

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Formed by deposition of products of weathering of preexisting rocks.
The agents of transport carry the product of
weathering from the place of origin.
Following types of deposits occur:1. Residual
2. Sedimentary
3. Chemical
4. Organic.

Residual Deposit
The portion of the products of the weathering remain
at the site of the origin

Sedimentary Deposit
The insoluble products of weathering are carried away
in suspension and when such products are deposited,
they give rise to the sedimentary deposits.

Chemical Deposits
Some material that is carried away in solution may be
deposited by physio-chemical processes such as
evaporation, precipitation etc.
It gives rise to chemical deposits.
Organic Deposits
The deposits formed by portion of products of
weathering through the agency of organism are known
as organic deposits.

EXAMPLES OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
GYPSUM

SANDSTONE
LIGNITE

METAMORPHIC ROCKS

These rocks are formed by the change in character of


the pre-existing rocks.
Metamorphism:- The process in which the igneous and
sedimentary rocks undergo change in character when
subjected to high heat and pressure.
The agents of metamorphism:Heat
Pressure
Chemically acting fluids.


1.

The types of metamorphism are:Thermal metamorphism:

2.

Cataclastic metamorphism:

3.

At the surface of the earth, temperatures are low and


metamorphism is brought about by directed pressure
only.

Dynamo-thermal metamorphism:

4.

heat is pre-dominant factor

Due to rise in temperature with increase in depth, the


heat along with stress bring about the required changes.

Plutonic metamorphism:

The stress is effective only upto a certain limit after


which rocks become plastic in nature.
Therefore stress is converted to uniform pressure and
heat at great depths.

EXAMPLES

PHYSICAL
CLASSIFICATION

BASED ON GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ROCKS

STRATIFIED ROCKS
These rocks posses
planes of stratification
or cleavage.
They can be easily split
along these planes
The sedimentary rocks
are distinctly stratified
rocks

UNSTRATIFIED ROCKS
These rocks are
unstratified
The structure may be
crystalline, granular or
compact granular
The Igneous rocks of
volcanic agency and
sedimentary rocks
affected by movements
of the earth are of this
type.

FOLIATED ROCKS
Foliation is a geologic term
that is used to describe the
appearance of metamorphic
rocks.
Foliated rocks display
banding and regrouping of
its mineral constituents as a
result of enormous
pressures and heat

GNEISS

The banding forms


perpendicularly to the
direction of pressure. The
pressure is usually related
to tectonic plate collisions

FOLIATED ROCKS
These rocks have a
tendency to split up
in a definite
direction only

The foliated
structure is very
common in case of
metamorphic rocks

CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION

SILICIOUS ROCKS
Silica pre-dominates
Rocks are hard and durable
Not easily affected by weathering agencies
Silica in combination with weaker minerals may
disintegrate easily.
For durability, should contain maximum free silica
E.g.:- Granite, quartzite, etc.

GRANITE

EXAMPLES

QUARTZITE

ARGILLACEOUS ROCKS

The argil or clay pre-dominates

Such rocks may be dense and compact or soft.

These stones are hard and durable but brittle.

E.g.:- slates, laterites etc.

LATERITE
STONE

CUTTING OF
LATERITE BRICK

CALCAREOUS ROCKS

Calcium carbonate(CaCO3) predominates.


Durability of these rocks depends upon the
constituents present in surrounding
atmospheres.
E.g.:- limestone, marbles

LIMESTONE

MARBLE

CHARACTERISTICS / QUALITY OF
GOOD BUILDING STONE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Crushing strength should be greater than


1000kg/sq cm or 100N/sq mm.
Specific gravity should be greater than 2.7
Hardness :- coefficient of hardness should be
greater than 14.
Toughness index is greater than 13.
Water absorption:- % absorption by weight
after 24hrs should not exceed 0.60
Appearance:- the stones which are to be used
for face work should be decent and they should
preserve colour uniformly.

7. Should be durable
8.Fracture:- for good building stone, its fracture should
be sharp, even, bright and clear with grains well
cemented together.
9.Texture:- a good building stone should have fine,
compact crystalline structure free from cavities,
patches, loose materials, cracks.
10.Seasoning:- the stones should be dried and seasoned
before they are used.
11. weathering:- A good building stone should possess
better weathering qualities. It should be capable of
withstanding adverse effect of various atmospheric
and external agencies such as rain wind, frost etc.
12. Facility of dressing:- can be easily cut, molded and
dressed.

USES OF STONES
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

In structures
Stones are used for foundation walls, columns,
lintels, arches etc
Face work:- Stones are adopted to give massive
appearance to structure
Paving:- The stones are used to cover floor of
building as well as to form paving of roads,
footpath, etc.
Basic material:-The stones are converted to
basic material for cement concrete, murum of
roads, calcareous cement, etc.
Miscellaneous:- the stones are also used as-

i. Ballast for railways.


ii. Flux in blast furnace.
iii. Blocks in construction of bridges, piers, retaining
walls, light house, etc.

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